Richard I. Lion Heart. 1157-99. King of England 1189-. Led Third Crusade. Captured and ransomed.

Richard II. 1367-1400. King of England 1377-99. Artistic, erratic, egocentric. Deposed.

Richard III. 1452-85. King of England 1483-. Murdered (?) nephews in tower. Killed at Bosworth by Henry VII, ending War of Roses.

Riga, Treaties. 1920 Russia recognizes Latvian independence. 1921 Russia cedes land to Poland.

Ripon, Treaty. 1640. Ended Bishops’ war between Scotland and England.

Robert II. 1316-90. First Stuart King of Scotland. 1371-.

Roland. -778. Count of Brittany. Officer of Charlemagne, immortalized in song by Turold, c1100.

Roland de la Platière, Jean. 1734-93. Moderate French revolutionary leader. Fled Terror.

Roland de la Platière, Jeanne. 1754-93. French wife of Jean. Held revolutionary salons. Executed.

Rolland, Romain. 1866-1944. French writer Jean Christophe 1904-46.

Romansh. Romance language spoken in Grison Canton of Switzerland. “National” language 1938-.

Roncesvalles, Battle. 778. Charlemagne ambushed in Pyrenees. Basis for Song of Roland.

Ruisdael, Jacob van. 1628-82. Dutch landscape painter. Jewish Cemetery c1660. Wheatfields c1670.

Runeberg, Johan. 1804-77. Finnish epic poet. National anthem adapted from his poem Vårtland.

Russification. Attempted conversion of local language and culture by settlement of large numbers of Russians. 19C Poland, Finland. 20C Kazakstan. Baltic.

Russo-Swedish War. 1614-17. Russia loses access to Baltic. 1741-3. Sweden cedes part of Finland. 1788-90. 1808-9. Sweden cedes Finland + Åland Islands.

Ruthven, Raid of. 1582. James VI of Scotland kidnapped by William Ruthven (1541-84).

Samos. Greek island birthplace of Pythagoras.

San Ildefonso, Treaty. 1796. France, Spain allied vs England. 1801 Secret exchange: Louisiana to France, Etruria to Spain.

San Juan Boundary Dispute. 1846-72. Britain/US. San Juan islands to US.

Sanctuary, Right of. Established 4C Rome. England until 1623 (criminal), 18C (civil). Europe until 1789. Asylum in church for 1 month.

Savoy. 1034- Noble dynasty of France, Switzerland. Italian kings 1861-1946.

Savoy Conference. 1661. London. Failed to agree on new prayer book. Puritans leave Church of England.

Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. German dynasty includes Belgian Leopold I 1831-; Albert, Prince-Consort, England. 1840-; Ferdinand, Prince-Consort, Portugal. 1836-; Prince of Bulgaria 1887-1946.

Saxons. 5C. Germanic people colonized France, England. 8C Widerkind defeated by Charlemagne on continent.

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