Communist Party. USSR. 1918. Name adopted by Bolsheviks for Social Democratic Workers’ Party. Parties started in Britain, USA, Austria, France, Italy, Spain, Germany soon after.

Congress (I) Party. 1978-. Split from Congress Party under Indira Gandhi.

Congress Party. 1885-. Indian political party. In power 1947-77.

Conservative Party. Britain. 1832. Successor to Tory Party.

Country Party. 1913-. Australian pro-agriculture party. Small but influential in coalition governments.

Croker, JW. 1833. Coined ’Conservative’ for Tory.

Democratic Party. 1792-. Major US political party. Liberalism, populism vs big business.

Eisner, Kurt. 1867-1919. German Socialist Revolutionary leader. First Bavarian Prime Minister.

Fabian Society. 1883. English non-revolutionary socialist movement. Founded Labour Party. Shaw.

Falange. 1933-37. Spanish Fascist party founded by Primo de Rivera. Merged with Franco 1937. Won civil war.

Federalist Party. 1787-1825. US first party founded by A. Hamilton for strong central government. In power 1791-1801.

Fellow Travellers. 1917. Russian writers not actively supporting the revolution. Communist sympathizers who are not party members.

Fianna Fáil. 1926-. Irish political party vs 1921 treaty. De Valera.

Fillmore, Millard. 1800-74. US President 1850-3. Delayed Civil War. Know Nothing Party 1856.

Free-Soil Party. 1848-54. US anti-slavery party. Van Buren.

Fuchs, Klaus. 1911-88. German/British nuclear physicist. Communist spy 1943-50.

Gladstone, William. 1809-98. English Liberal reform Prime Minister 1868~94. Secret ballot. Public Education. Irish land reforms.

Hamilton, Alexander. 1755-1804. US Federalist statesman. First Secretary of Treasury. Killed in duel by Burr.

Hardie, Keir. 1856-1915. British. Founded Scottish Labour Party 1888, Independent Labour Party 1893.

Heath, Edward. 1916-. British Conservative Prime Minister 1970-4. Common Market.

Henderson, Arthur. 1863-1935. British organizer of Labour Party.

Hu Yaobang. 1915-89. Liberal Chinese Communist Party chairman. Death led to Tiananmen demonstrations.

Hundred Flowers Movement. China. 1956-7. Increased freedom of intellectuals. Criticism of Party led to backlash.

Independent Labour Party. 1893. Britain. Founded by Hardie....Labour Party 1906.

Intolerable Acts. 1774. British response to Boston Tea Party, Gaspee burning. Closed Boston Harbor. Established military government. Midwest under Quebec rule...Continental Congress.

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