Root, Elihu. 1845-1937. US internationalist statesman. Agreements with Japan, Britain, Latin America. Disarmament Conference.

Rosenberg, Alfred. 1893-1946. German Nazi ideologist. Executed.

Rotary International. 1905.

Runeberg, Johan. 1804-77. Finnish epic poet. National anthem adapted from his poem Vårtland.

SA. 1921-34. Brownshirts. Nazi force for breaking up rival party meetings. Purged on Night of Long the Knives.

Sinn Fein. 1905. (=Ourselves Alone). Irish Nationalist movement. 1916 uprising. Founded Irish Free State. Legalized as political party in Northern Ireland, 1974. Political wing of IRA. De Valera.

Smetana, Bedrich. 1824-84. Czech Nationalist opera composer. Bartered Bride 1866. “-Father of Czech music”.

Snellman, Johan. 1806-81. Finnish nationalist. Established national language.

Social Security. First in Germany: 1883-89. UK 1911; Canada 1927; US 1935-66. Poor Laws. National Insurance.

South Africa. 1910 Britain unites possessions: Cape of Good Hope + Natal + Orange Free State + Transvaal = Union of South Africa. Constitution included white supremacy. 1920 +German South-West Africa by mandate. 1948 Apartheid. 1961 = Republic of South Africa; left Commonwealth. 1990 -Namibia 1994 ANC gains power.

South Sea Bubble. 1711-20. England sold trade monopolies to reduce National Debt. Their resale at speculative prices led to financial ruin for thousands. George I implicated. Walpole.

Soviet. Basic governing body of USSR. Legislative +executive functions from local to national.

Spanish Civil War. 1936-9. Germany and Italy aid Fascist Franco’s revolt against the Republic, which surrenders after 1M die. International Brigades. A cause of WWII. Guernica.

Speer, Albert. 1905-81. Architect, Nazi war production organizer.

SS. 1928-1945. Nazi police reporting directly to Hitler. Blackshirts. Gestapo. Himmler. SA.

Stalin, Joseph. 1879-1953. Soviet bloodthirsty revolutionary. Leader 1924-. 5 Year Plans modernized Russia. 1928 Collectivization. 1932- Dictator. 1936-8 Purge. Turned Marxism to Nationalism and Imperialism. World Socialist Revolution under USSR. 1952 abolished Politburo.

Strasser, Gregor. 1892-1934. German Nazi leader, Hitler rival. Assassinated.

Streicher, Julius. 1885-1946. German Nazi leader. Executed.

Suez Canal. 1850BC First. 600BC Necho II. 500BC Darius I. 250BC Ptolemy II. 100 Trajan. 1859-69 Built by Lesseps. 1875 Britain buys 44%. 1956 Egypt Nationalizes.

Suez Crisis. 1956. Denied US finance for Aswan Dam, Egypt nationalizes canal. Israel invades Sinai. France, Britain try to retake canal. UN occupies Canal Zone.

Sukarno. 1901-70. Indonesian nationalist leader, president 1949-67. Sought communist ties. Authoritative ‘guided democracy’.

Sunderland, Earl of. 1674-1722. British Whig minister. South Sea National Debt scheme.

Tangier. 15C BC Phoenicia. Carthage. Rome = Tingis. 429 Vandal. 541 Byzantine. 621 Visigoth. c682 Moslem. 1471-17C Spain, Portugal dispute. 1661 English. 1684 Morocco. 1923 International neutral port. 1940-45 Spanish occupy. 1956 Morocco.

Templars. 1119-1312. Founded by Baldwin II and 9 knights in the Holy Land to protect pilgrims. Created International banking system, 9,000 commanderies, and owned 1/4 of Paris when dissolved by Philip IV, 1307; and Edward II, 1308. Council of Vienne.

Tennis Court Oath. 1789. French Third Estate vows to obtain constitution. Declaration of authority of National Assembly.

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