Ruffo, Fabrizio. 1744-1827. Cardinal. Led successfull rebellion vs Napoleon in Naples, 1799.

Runnymede. Site of 1215 signing of Magna Carta.

Ruskin, John. 1819-1900. English writer and Pre-Raphaelite art critic. Social reformer.

Russell, John. 1792-1878. British Liberal Prime Minister 1846~66. Reform Bill 1832.

Russian Campaign. 1812. Napoleon’s march on Moscow. 10,000 of 100,000 return. Grande Armée.

Russian Social Democratic Party. 1898. Split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, 1903.

Russo-Swedish War. 1614-17. Russia loses access to Baltic. 1741-3. Sweden cedes part of Finland. 1788-90. 1808-9. Sweden cedes Finland + Åland Islands.

SA. 1921-34. Brownshirts. Nazi force for breaking up rival party meetings. Purged on Night of Long the Knives.

Samanids. 819-999. Persian native dynasty. Flourishing of arts.

San Francisco. 1769 Portola discovers bay. 1776 Mission founded. 1835 Yuerba Buena cove settled. 1846 US. 1847 = San Francisco. 1906 Earthquake, fire kill 315.

San Francisco, Conference. 1945. Signing of United Nations charter.

San Juan Hill, Battle. 1898. Part of Battle of Santiago. US defeat Spain in Cuba. Roosevelt. Rough Riders.

San Martin, José de. 1778-1850. South American independence leader with Bolivar vs Spain in Argentina, Chile, Peru.

Sardinia. 6C BC Carthage. 238BC Rome. 435 Vandal. 534 Byzantine Empire. 10C Saracen. 1016 Pisa. 1189 Hohenstaufen +Piedmont. 1326 Aragon. 1713 Austria. 1720 Savoy Kingdom. 1796 France. 1815 +Genoa. 1861 Italy. Sardinian Victor-Emmanuel became king of Italy.

Sarto, Andrea del. Andrea.

Sartre, Jean-Paul. 1905-80. French existentialist philosopher: L’Etre et le Néant 1943. Social responsibility of freedom. (refused).

Saxony. 843 «East Frankish Kingdom. 919-1024 Ruled HRE. 1180 Divided. 1697 Elector (King) of Poland. 1785 Fürstenbund. 1806 Napoleon creates Kingdom. 1815 Half to Prussia. 1815 German Confederation. 1835 Zollverein. 1867 North German Confederation. 1871 German Empire. 1918 Abolished monarchy. 1920 Republic. 1933 Germany.

Scaramouche. Italian clown, at 83 could knock off his partner’s hat with a high kick.

Schein, Johann. 1586-1630. Reformation composer. Introduced Italian Baroque to German music.

Schelling, Friedrich. 1775-1854. German Idealist philosopher. -’artist is superior to thinker’.

Schlesinger, Arthur. 1888-1965. US historian. History of American Life 1928-43.

Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr. 1917-. US historian. A Thousand Days 1965.

Schongauer, Martin. 1445/50-91. German Gothic engraver.

Schopenhauer, Arthur. 1788-1860. German pessimist Idealist philosopher. Will is superior to knowledge. World viewed as will and ideas. Every individual is a part of a Universal Will.

Schwarzenberg, Karl, Fürst zu. 1771-1820. Austrian. Commanded with Napoleon in Russia. Later led Allies vs Napoleon.

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