Mensheviks. 1903-22. Pacifist minority Social Democratic Workers Party members under Martov split from Bolsheviks. Sought gradual vs revolutionary socialism. Suppressed after October Revolution.

Mercator, Gerardus. 1512-94. Flemish cartographer. Projection of globe onto flat surface 1569. Atlas 1595.

Merlin. Wizard of Arthurian legend.

Messenian Wars. 735-715BC. Sparta dominates Messenia. 650-600BC Sparta crushes revolt.

Messina. 730BC Greek. 396BC Carthage. 264BC Independent. 535 Byzantine. 843 Saracens sack. 1061 Norman...«Sicily.

Metastasio, Pietro. 1698-1782. Italian librettist for Gluck, Handel, Haydn, Mozart.

Metaurus, Battle. 207BC. Rome defeats Carthaginian invasion in 2nd Punic War.

Metternich, Fürst von. 1773-1859. Austrian prince, chancellor, defender of Absolutism. Quadruple Alliance vs Napoleon. Holy Alliance. Architect of Vienna Congress, 1814.

Middle Kingdom. 2040-1786BC. Golden age of art and commerce in Egypt.

Midgard. Norse middle earth. Home of the human race.

Milan. c400BC Celtic. 222BC Rome. 539 Goths destroy. 12C Independent. 1277 Visconti. 1450 Sforzas. 1535 Spain. 1713 Austria. 1797 Napoleon. 1815 Austria. 1859 Sardinia. 1861 Italy.

Milan, Decree. 1807. Napoleon Continental System edict.

Mill, John Stuart. 1806-73. English Utilitarian Positivist philosopher. Social as well as political freedom is necessary. Tyranny of the majority. Associationism. Political Economy 1848. On Liberty 1859. Utilitarianism 1863. Women’s Right to Vote 1866.

Miller, Arthur. 1915-2005. US playwright. Death of a Salesman 1949. Crucible 1953.

Minerva. Roman goddess of wisdom and arts = Athena.

Ming. 1368-1644. Chinese dynasty. Expanded empire. Arts flourished.

Minimalism. 1960s. US movement of simplified non-expressive art. Kelly. Stella.

Mitre, Bartolomé. 1821-1906. Argentine general, president 1862-68. Overthrew Rosas. Reunited Argentina.

Mitterand, François. 1916-96. Socialist president of France, 1981-95. Promoted European unity.

Modigliani, Amadeo. 1884-1920. Italian/French artist. Elongated necks and simplified figures. Head 1911-12. Recining Nude 1919.

Moldavia (former). 14C Vlachs establish. 1349 Independent. 14C +Bessarabia. 16C Autonomous/Ottoman. 1774 Russian protectorate. 1774 -Bessarabia. 1859 +Walachia =Romania. 1940 Part ceded to MSSR.

Moldova. 1924. Bessarabia + part of former Moldavia. 1940 Moldavian SSR. 1991 Independent Republic. CIS.

Molière, Jean-Baptiste. 1622-73. French comedy actor, playwright. School for Wives 1662. Tartuffe 1664. Don Juan 1665. Misanthrope. Died in role of Malade Imaginaire.

Monasticism. Seeking of spiritual perfection by living apart from society.

Moray, James Stuart, Earl of. c1531-70. Scottish Regent 1567-. Promoted Reformation after Mary’s abdication.

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