Impressionism. 1867-86. European art movement named 1874 for Monet’s Impression Sunrise. Direct from nature with colors to render surfaces and lighting effects. Rejected primacy of subject. Renoir, Pissarro, Degas, Cezanne, Manet. Music: 1892-1910. Restraint and ambiguity. Mood music. Debussy.

Income Tax. Britain: 1193 Walter to ransom Richard I. 1799-1815 To finance war vs Napoleon. 10% over £200; 1842 Peel 3%. US: 1862-72 3% over $800 (5% if outside US); 1913 over $3000 only.

Independent Labour Party. 1893. Britain. Founded by Hardie....Labour Party 1906.

India. North: c2500BC Indus valley civilization. c2000BC Aryans invade. 6C Achaemenid. 5C Persia. 326 Alexander(NW). c300 Maurya Empire. 2C BC Greek, Parthian, Kushan invade. 1C AD Kushan. c320 Gupta Empire. 6C Divided. 5-15C Huns, Arabs, Persians invade 12C Moslem. 1526 Mogul. South: 3000BC Dravidian civilization. 12-13C Rashtrakutas, Cholas. 14C Moslem inv. 15C Vijayanagar Empire. 1498 daGama discovers sea route. 18C British East India Co. 1858 British Empire. 1947 Independent. 1950 Republic.

Indian Independence Act. 1947. Freed and partitioned India/Pakistan.

Indian National Congress. 1885-. Congress Party.

Innocent XI. 1611-89. Pope 1676-. 4 Articles on Gallicanism, 1673.

Institute of France. 226 members. Comprises Académie Française, 1635; Inscriptions and Belle Lettres, 1663; Science, 1666; Fine Arts 1795; Political Science, 1832. Four Nations.

Interactionism. Descartes. False idea that the mind affects body through pineal gland.

Intolerable Acts. 1774. British response to Boston Tea Party, Gaspee burning. Closed Boston Harbor. Established military government. Midwest under Quebec rule...Continental Congress.

Invalides. 1670-7. Louis XIV built to house 4,000 invalid soldiers. Architect: Bruant, dome by Mansart. Tomb of Napoleon.

Irish Partition. 1921. Irish Free State established; 6 NE counties elect to stay British.

Iron Guard. 1924-41. Romanian anti-semite fascist party.

Irrationalism. 19C. Philosophy stressing instinct over reason. Schopenhauer.

Irredentists. 1878. Italian political party with object of incorporating neighbouring regions.

Ishtar. Assyrian and Babylonian goddess of love, sex, and war. Earth Mother.

Ivan III. The Great. 1440-1505. United Russia 1478. Ended Tartar domination.

Jacobites. 1688-1753. Supporters of exiled James II and Stuart line after Glorious Revolution. 1715 “Old Pretender” James fails to claim British throne. 1745-6. Bonnie Prince Charlie unable to reclaim throne of England/Scotland. Stuart supporters aided rebels in Scotland and Ireland. Culloden Moor.

Jacquemart de Hesdin. Court painter: Grandes Heures du Duc de Berry 1409.

James, St. -c44. One of 12 Apostles. Martyred by Herod Agrippa I.

Jeffersonian Republicans. 1790-. US First opposition party. Advocated limited government vs Federalists.

Jena-Auerstadt, Battles. 1806. Napoleonic victories over Prussians led to fall of Berlin.

Jinnah, Muhammed Ali. 1876-1948. Founded Moslem League 1934. Demanded partition of India. First gov-gen. of Pakistan.

John. Lackland. 1167-1216. King of England 1199-. Lost Normandy. Forced to sign Magna Carta 1215. Excommunicated 1209. Lost Anjou.

John II. The Perfect. 1455-95. King of Portugal 1481-. Sponsored Diaz.

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