Makarios III. 1913-77. Orthodox archbishop. Pro-Greek Cyprus president 1959-.

Malcolm III. c1031-1093. Scottish king 1058-. Killed and succeeded Macbeth.

Marie de Medici. 1573-1642. Queen consort to Henry IV, mother of Louis XIII. Regent 1610-14. Built Luxembourg Palace. Opposed Richelieu. Banished 1630. Died penniless.

Mary II. 1662-94. Queen of England with William III, 1689-. Expelled her father, James II.

Megalopolis. 370-222BC. Greek city destroyed by Spartan Cleomenes III.

Michael VIII. 1224-82. Byzantine Emperor 1259-. Won Constantinople from Latins. Founded Paleologus dynasty.

Montfort, Simon de. c1208-65. English leader of revolt vs Henry III. Model Parliament was first representative parliament. Defeated and captured at Evesham 1265. Barons War.

More, Thomas. 1477-1535. English humanist, statesman. Utopia 1516, described ideal cooperative democracy. Executed by Henry VIII for opposing Act of Supremacy. Catholic saint.

Mornay, Philippe de. 1549-1623. French Huguenot leader in Wars of Religion, 1562-98. Reconciled Henry III, Henry of Navarre.

Mortimer, Roger. c1287-1330. Lover of Queen Isabella. Deposed Edward II and ruled 1327-. Executed by Edward III.

Neerwinden. 1693 Victory of Luxembourg over William of Orange.

Neville, Ralph. 1364-1425. Aided Henry IV vs Richard II. Grandfather of Edward IV and Richard III.

Nonjurors. 1689. Clergy refusing to take oath of Allegiance to William and Mary.

Olive Branch Petition. 1775. Moderate Americans attempt to avoid war. Ignored by George III.

Orange, House of. French dynasty influential in Netherlands. William I. William III.

Orlov, Grigory, Count. 1734-83. Russian lover of Catherine II; led coup vs Peter III. Advocated liberating Christians from Ottoman rule.

Orsini. 12C-. Influential Roman family. Popes Celestine III, Nicholas III, Benedict XIII.

Oxford, Provisions of. 1258-66. Reforms barons forced on Henry III. Annulled, modified. Led to Provisions of Westminster, Barons War.

Parr, Catherine. 1512-48. Sixth and last wife of Henry VIII.

Paul III. 1468-1549. Pope 1534-. Sanctioned Jesuits.

Pepi II. Egyptian king 2275-2181BC. 94 yr. reign.

Peter III. 1728-62. Czar 1762. Overthrown by wife Catherine the Great.

Pobedonostev, Konstantin. 1827-1907. Russian. professor, tutor to Alexander III, Nicholas II. Pro-autocracy. “Parliaments are the great lie of our time.”

Polish Succession, War of. 1733-38. Russia, Austria defeat Poland, France, Spain; place Augustus III on throne.

Pugachov, Yemelyan. 1726-75. Russian. Led peasant rebellion vs serfdom 1773-5, impersonating Peter III.

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