Isabella I. 1451-1504. Queen of Castile. Financed Columbus. United Spain by marrying Ferdinand II. Inquisition.

Isabella II. 1830-1904. Queen of Spain 1833-68. Deposed by Carlists. Salic Law.

Israel. Palestine. 1948. Republic proclaimed, recognized by US, UN. Jerusalem.

Jacobites. 1688-1753. Supporters of exiled James II and Stuart line after Glorious Revolution. 1715 “Old Pretender” James fails to claim British throne. 1745-6. Bonnie Prince Charlie unable to reclaim throne of England/Scotland. Stuart supporters aided rebels in Scotland and Ireland. Culloden Moor.

Jansenism. 1640-1730. Sought return to severity of Augustine. Opposed Jesuits. Gallicanism. Arnauld. Suppressed by Louis XIV. Pascal. Quesnel.

Julian the Apostate. 331-63. Roman Emperor 361-. Proclaimed religious toleration. Attempted to make Paganism the state religion.

Kepler, Johannes. 1571-1630. German astronomer, deduced elliptical planetary motions 1609. Explained tides 1598.

Kublai Khan. 1215-94. First Mongol Emperor. Conquered China. Established Yüan dynasty.

Laforgue, Jules. 1860-1887. French symbolist poet. Invented verse libre. Les Complaintes 1885.

Laing, R.D. 1927-89. British Existential psychologist. Madness as form of self-expression.

Laissez-Faire. Motto of 19C liberals calling for free markets and trade. Smith. “Laissez-faire, laissez-passer, laissez-aller”-Legendre 1680.

Lapse, Doctrine of. British East India Company claimed control of any state where direct royal line ended causing Indian Mutiny 1857. Dalhousie.

Leipzig Debate. 1519. Luther vs Eck. Both claim victory.

Lesage, Alain. 1668-1747. French picaresque novelist. Gil Blas 1715-35.

Lewis, Sinclair. 1885-1951. US writer of small town life: Babbit 1922. Elmer Gantry 1927.

Louisiana. 1643 French LaSalle claims. 1719 Mississippi Company. 1762 England cedes to Spain. 1801 France (San Ildefonso Treaty). 1803 US purchase. 1812 18th State.

Macdonough, Thomas. 1783-1825. Defeated British in Lake Champlain naval battle 1814.

Magnus I. The Good. 1024-47. King of Norway 1035-, Denmark 1042-, uniting them. Failed in claim to England.

Mahdi. Shi’ite messiah who will appear at end of the world. Several claimants have appeared.

Marais. Paris quarter reclaimed from swamp in 13C.

Margaret. Maid of Norway. 1283-90. Queen of Scotland 1286-. Betrothed to son of Edward I. Death led to England claiming Scotland, Civil War 1290-1314. Robert the Bruce.

Marseillaise. French national anthem, by Rouget de Lisle, 1792. Named for volunteer militia who adopted song on march to Paris.

Mary I. Bloody Mary. 1516-58. Tudor queen of England 1553-. Married Philip II of Spain. Reinstated Roman Catholicism 1555. Persecuted Protestants. Lost Calais.

Medieval Music. 476-13C. Church oriented. Evolved from Plainsong to polyphonic.

Memel. (Klaipeda). 1253 founded. 1410 German. 1919 Lithuania. 1939 Germany. 1945 USSR. 1991 Lithuania.

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