Family Pact. 1863. Maximilian renounces claims to Austrian throne to be Emperor of Mexico.

Fashoda Incident. 1898. British/French dispute over Sudan. French renounce claims. Entente Cordiale 1904.

Ferdinand II of Aragon. 1452-1516. Unified Spain with Isabella. Equipped Columbus. Expelled Moors and Jews. Began Inquisition.

Ferdinand VII. 1784-1833. Spanish King, 1808, 1814-33. Favoured Isabella II to succeed. Carlist Wars led to loss of Spanish power and possessions.

Field of Cloth of Gold. 1520. Kings of France and England meet near Calais to propose alliances.

Flammarian, Camille. 1842-1925. French astronomer: L’astronomie Populaire.

Friedman, Milton. 1912-. Monetarist economist. Demand is mainly a function of money supply. Keynes. Laissez-faire. Capitalism and Freedom 1962.

Gargantua. Hungry giant of Rabelais tale.

Gilbert, Humphrey. c1539-83. Claimed Newfoundland for England, 1583.

Gogol, Nikolai. 1809-52. Russian Realist writer. Dead Souls 1842.

Goliath. c11C BC. Philistine giant slain by David.

Graces. Three beautiful attendants of Aphrodite. Aglaia, brightness. Euphrosyne, joy. Thalia, bloom.

Grand Palais. Built for 1900 World Exhibition in Paris.

Gregory I, St. Benedictine Pope 590-604. Developed Plainsong, Gregorian chant. Sent Augustine to Canterbury.

Griselda. Italian wife whose patience was tested by her husband, without complaint.

Hadley, George. 1685-1768. English climatologist: explained trade winds.

Halley, Edmund. 1656-1742. English astronomer who explained comets 1705. First meteorological chart 1686.

Hazlitt, William. 1778-1830. English essayist, critic. The Plain Speaker 1826.

Henry II. 1519-59. French king 1547-. Repressed Protestants. Captured Calais 1558. Treaties of Chambord, Cateau-Cambrésis.

Henry V. 1387-1422. King of England 1413-. Claimed France. Victor at Agincourt. Treaty of Troyes.

Henry VI. 1421-71. King of England and France 1422-61, 70-1. Founded King’s College Cambridge, Eton. Lost France except Calais. Weakness led to War of Roses. Deposed.

Hundred Years War. 1337~1453. English defend claims to French throne. Crécy. Poitiers. Agincourt. Joan of Arc. English driven from continent, except Calais.

Hung Hsiu-ch’üan. 1814-64. Led Tai-Ping Rebellion. Claimed to be Christ’s brother. Founded new religion based on Chinese unity.

Inquisition. Group of tribunals dedicated to routing out heresy. Papal. 1231-18C. Formalized by Gregory IX. Torture to obtain confession authorized by Innocent IV 1252. Roman. 1542-1908. RC church vs Protestantism. Galileo. Spanish. 1478-1834. Formed by Isabella and Ferdinand to persecute Jews and Moslems. Torquemada. Auto-da-fé.

Ionian School. 6C BC. Greek philosophers. Thales. Araximanedes. Diogenes. Explained phenomena in terms of physical forces.

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