Royal Air Force. 1918.

Rude, François. 1784-1855. French sculptor of public monuments. Marseillaise 1833-6.

Salic Law. 6C penal code issued by Clovis. Incorrectly cited 14-19C to limit royal succession to males; Spain by Philip V, 1713. Victoria. Isabella II.

Samaritans. Jewish sect. Claim descent from Jews not deported 722BC. A claim rejected by other Jews. Lost Ten Tribes of Israel.

Sèvres. 1756-. Royal French porcelain makers.

Shakespeare, William. 1564-1616. English dramatic poet. Master of language, characters, perception.Titus Andronicus c1593. Romeo and Juliet c1594. Hamlet c1602. Othello c1604. King Lear c1606. Lover’s Complaint c1609. Sonnets 1609. Tempest 1611.

Siberia. 13C Mongol(S)...Golden Horde(W)/ Yüan(E). 1483 Russia explores. 1581 Khanate overthrown. 1689 Russo-Chinese border settled. 1891-1905 Trans-Siberian Railway.

Sinclair, Upton. 1878-1968. US novelist, Muckraker. Jungle 1906.

Spanish Marriages, Affair of. 1846. Isabella’s sister, heir marries French prince, despite Spanish assurances, causing English/French rift.

Spanish Revolt. 1868-9.Military overthrows Isabella. Prim y Prats.

Stevenson, Adlai. 1900-65. US diplomat, United Nations founder.

Stuart, Henry. 1725-1807. Last Stuart claimant to English throne. Left family jewels to George IV.

Stuart, James. 1688-1766. “The Old Pretender”. Catholic Prince of Wales, claimant to British throne. Jacobites.

Swedenborg, Emanuel. 1688-1772. Swedish scientist, philosopher. Apocalypse Revealed 1743-4. Claimed to have been to hell and heaven. Followers founded Church of New Jerusalem 1788.

Symbolists. 19C French literary movement expressing truth subjectively by symbols. Spread to art, music. Verlaine. Mallarmé. Munch.

Tariff Reform League. 1903-6. Chamberlain presses for Imperial Preference.

Tenzin Gyatso. 1935-. 14th Dalai Lama 1940-. In exile 1959-.

Tibet. 7C-838 Buddhist kingdom. 9C Divided. 1247 Mongol. 14C Yellow Hats established. 1642 5th Dalai Lama becomes ruler. 1715 Chinese suzerainty. 1792 Closed to foreigners. 1951 Autonomous within China. 1959 China crushes revolt. 1987~9 Riots vs Chinese rule.

Tibetan Buddhism. Yellow Hats. Dalai Lama.

Troubles, Time of. 1604-13. Russian rival claims to throne by 3 “False Dmitris”. Polish Invasion. Romanov elected.

Troyes, Treaty. 1420. Recognized English claim to French throne. Resisted by Dauphin.

Valhalla. Scandinavian banquet hall for slain warriors. Odin.

Venezuelan Claims. 1902-7. European countries blockade ports to press for loan repayment.

Vergara, Convention. 1839. Ends first Carlist War vs Isabella II.

Verlaine, Paul. 1844-96. French pre-Symbolist lyric poet. Parnasse Contemporain 1866. Bonne Chanson 1870.

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