Mesopotamia. 5000BC. Tigris-Euphrates river plain where civilization began. 550BC Persia. 331BC Alexander. 115 Rome. 637 Moslem. 13C Mongol. 1534 Ottoman. Babylon. Akkad. Ur. Iraq.

Millais, John. 1829-1896. British Pre-Raphaelite painter. Christ in the House of His Parents 1850.

Montagnards. 1792-5. French revolutionary extremists led by Robespierre. Terror. Plain.

Monts, Pierre du Ghast. 1568-1630. French explorer with Champlain. Founded Portugal Royal 1605.

Morley, Thomas. c1557-1603. English madrigal composer. Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Music 1597.

Mortimer. English royal family. Edmund’s royal marriage 14C led to 15C Yorkist claims vs Henry IV. Edward IV.

Muckrakers. 1906-12. US reporters expose corruption. Sinclair. Collier. McClure.

Munich Agreement. 1938. Recognition of Italian and German conquests by Chamberlain and Daladier. Dismembered Czechoslovakia. Appeasement Policy. Sudetenland.

Narvaez, Ramon. 1800-68. Spanish general supporting Isabella II vs Carlists. Prime Minister 1844-66.

Naturalism. 20C Philosophy explaining all in scientific terms, rejecting supernatural.

Newfoundland. Beothuk, Inuit. 10C Norse discover. 1497 Cabot rediscovers. 1583 Britain claims. 17-18C British, French dispute. 1713 British sovereignty recognized. 1855 Self-governing. 1934 Crown Colony. 1949 Canadian province.

Northern War, First. 1655-60. Sweden vs Poland and allies. Sweden wins Danish territory. Poland renounces claim to Swedish throne.

O’Donnell, Leopoldo. 1809-67. Spanish general with Isabella II vs Carlists.

O’Neill, Shane. c1530-67. Irish chief rebelled vs England, slain by rival clan.

Palais de la Bourse. 1808-1907. First public stock exchange 1724 was in Mazarin Mansion.

Palestine Liberation Organization. PLO. 1964. To reclaim land from Israel. 1988 Proclaimed Palestinian State. 1993 Israel-PLO Accord, mutual recognition. Palestinian Authority. Arafat. Terrorism. Munich Olympics.

Palissy, Bernard. 1510-89. French potter. Discovered white porcelain.

Pantagruel. Rabelais giant.

Paramountcy, Doctrine of. 19C. British East India Company claims right to intervene if any state is misgoverned.

Parnassians. 1867-99. French detached anti-Romantic poetry school. Leconte de Lisle. Sully-Prudhomme. Verlaine. Gautier. Baudelaire.

Pascal, Blaise. 1623-62. French mathematician, Jansenist philosopher, physician. Calculator 1642.Barometer 1646. Syringe 1648. Hydraulics. Probability 1654. Pensées 1670.

Pastry War. 1838-9. France blockades Mexico. Wins cook’s 1828 damage claims.

Petit Palais. Built for 1900 World Exhibition. Paris Museum of Fine Arts.

Physiocrats. 18C. Agricultural based philosophy. Land is source of all wealth. Elimination of controls over economy. Laissez-Faire. Quesnay. Turgot.

Pitt, William, the Younger. 1759-1806. English foe of Napoleon. Tory Prime Minister 1783~. Laissez-faire. Repressive measures 1793-1800.

115 more results ...