Orestes. -476. Roman general. Deposed Nepos for his son, Romulus Augustulus.

Orléans, Louis Philippe, duc d’. 1747-93. Became Citizen Égalité 1892. Joined Third Estate. Father of King Louis-Philippe.

Orlov, Grigory, Count. 1734-83. Russian lover of Catherine II; led coup vs Peter III. Advocated liberating Christians from Ottoman rule.

Oscar I. 1799-1859. King of Norway and Sweden 1844-. Liberal reforms.

Outer Space Treaty. 1967. International cooperation in space. Controlled military uses. 70+ signatories.

Overlord, Operation. = Normandy Invasion.

Owen, Robert. 1771-1858. Welsh socialist. Began utopian cooperatives in England and US. Lanark 1799. Rochdale 1844.

Owens, Jesse. 1913-80. Black US athlete. 4 golds at 1936 Berlin Olympics contradicted Hitler’s Aryan supremacy.

Palestine Liberation Organization. PLO. 1964. To reclaim land from Israel. 1988 Proclaimed Palestinian State. 1993 Israel-PLO Accord, mutual recognition. Palestinian Authority. Arafat. Terrorism. Munich Olympics.

PalestinianAuthority. 1996-. Government of Jerusalem West Bank and Gaza Strip. Arafat. PLO.

Pandit, Vijaya. 1900-90. Fought for Indian independence. First woman president of UN General Assembly 1953-4. Nehru’s Sister.

Pangkor Engagement. 1874. Treaty with Perak established British rule in Malaya.

Parmentier, Antoine. 1737-1813. French agronomist, cultivated potatoes.

Patton, George. 1885-1945. US general. Tank warfare.

Pelopidas. -364BC. Theban general. Defeated Sparta.

Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista. 1710-36. Italian opera buffa composer. La serva padrona 1733. “War of the Buffoons” Paris 1752.

Peri, Jacopo. 1561-1633. Florentine composer. First opera. Dafne 1594. Euridice 1600.

Perpetual Alliance. 1291. Association of Swiss Cantons which engendered today’s Confederation.

Pershing, John. 1860-1948. US general; commanded French front 1918. WWI.

Pétain, Philippe. 1856-1951. Defender at Verdun, 1916. Armistice 1940. Vichy Prime Minister 1940-42. German puppet 1942-4. Life sentence for collaboration after liberation.

Petersburg Campaign. 1864-5. Virginia. Final action of American Civil War leading to Confederate defeat.

Petöfi, Sándor. 1823-49. Hungarian lyric poet. Hero of the 1848-9 revolution. Poetry of Liberation. János Vitéz 1845.

Pfitzner, Hans. 1869-1949. German Post-romantic opera composer. Palestrina 1917.

Philip II. 382-336BC. General: unified Macedonia. Alexander’s father.

Picquart, Georges. 1854-1914. French general imprisoned for defense of Dreyfus.

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