Neville, Ralph. 1364-1425. Aided Henry IV vs Richard II. Grandfather of Edward IV and Richard III.

Newton, Isaac. 1643-1727. English physicist. Calculus 1666. Reflecting telescope 1668. Binomial Theorem. 1676. Tides 1683. Law of Gravity and Acceleration 1684. Decomposition of light.Principia Mathematica 1687. Speed of sound 1698.Opticks 1704.

Nicaragua. 1502 Columbus discovers. 1523 Spanish settle. 1821 Mexican Empire. 1826 CAF. 1839 Independent. Sandinistas.

Night of the Long Knives. 1934. Hitler’s SS murder 77+ Nazi opponents and others.

Nisei. 2nd generation Japanese in US.

Nobel Prize. Nobel legacy funded. Peace Prize and prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature. 1969 +Economics. . Declined: Le Duc Tho, Pasternak, Sartre.

Nobile, Umberto. 1885-1978. Italian general, flew over South Pole in a dirigible, 1926, with Amundsen, Ellsworth.

Noncooperation Movement. 1920-22. Ghandi’s non-violent protest in India. Amritsar Massacre.

North German Confederation. 1867-71. 22 states led by Prussia. German Empire.

Nostradamus. 1503-66. French astrologer. Prophesied Napoleon and Hitler.

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. 1968. USSR, US, UK, +59 others. Effective 1970.

Nullification. US states’ rights to remedy federal abuse of power locally. Calhoun.

Nuremberg Rallies. 1933-8. Annual Nazi festivals followed by Hitler policy speech.

OAS. Organization of American States. 1948. Western Hemisphere organization for peace, security, and economic cooperation. Cuba expelled 1962.

Oberammergau. 1634- Passion play every ten years commemorates plague of 1633.

O’Donnell, Leopoldo. 1809-67. Spanish general with Isabella II vs Carlists.

OECD. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. 1961. For expansion of world trade. OEEC + US, Canada, Australia, NZ.

OEEC. Organization for European Economic Cooperation. 1948-61. Western European trade organization. OECD.

Oehlenschläger, Adam. 1779-1850. Danish Romantic poet.

Offenbach, Jacques. 1819-80. German/French light operatic composer: Tales of Hoffman. Orpheus 1859.

Olive Branch Petition. 1775. Moderate Americans attempt to avoid war. Ignored by George III.

Olmütz, Treaty. 1850. Restored German Confederation under Austria.

Opéra. 1861-75. Paris opera house by Garnier.

Opera Buffa. = Comic Opera. Pergolesi.

Opéra-Comique. 18C-. French light opera infl by Italian Opera Buffa. Grétry.

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