Invalides. 1670-7. Louis XIV built to house 4,000 invalid soldiers. Architect: Bruant, dome by Mansart. Tomb of Napoleon.

Io. Greek lover of Zeus, changed to cow by Hera. =Isis.

Iraq. Mesopotamia. 1920 British mandate. 1921 Kingdom = Iraq. 1932 Independent. 1958 Arab Federation 1958 Left-wing coup, Republic. 1963 Anti-Communist coup. 1979 Hussein dictator. 1990 Kuwait Invasion.

Iroquois League. (League of 5 Nations). 1570-. Confederation of Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca. Fought for English in American Revolution, Seven Years War.

Irrationalism. 19C. Philosophy stressing instinct over reason. Schopenhauer.

Jackson, Andrew. 1767-1845. US President 1829-37. General 1812-18. Opposed tarrifs. Retired public debt 1835. Spoils system. Universal white male suffrage. Kitchen Cabinet. New Orleans.

Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall”. 1824-63. Mexican War and Confederacy general. Bull Run, Shenandoah, Antietam.

James, Henry. 1843-1916. US psychological novelist. American 1877. Washington Square 1881. Turn of the Screw 1898. Compared innocence of New World with corruption of Old.-“It takes a great deal of history to produce a little literature”.

Janácek, Leos. 1854-1928. Czech folk-influenced opera composer. Jenufa 1904.

Jeffersonian Republicans. 1790-. US First opposition party. Advocated limited government vs Federalists.

Jerusalem, Synod. 1672. Eastern Orthodox Church denounces Calvinism and Lutheranism.

Jodl, Alfred. 1890-1946. German general. Signed capitulation at Reims. Condemned at Nuremberg.

Joseph II. 1741-90. Holy Roman Emperor, 1765-. Enlightened despot. Edict of Tolerance. Dominated by mother, Maria Theresa -1780.

Joséphine, Empress. 1763-1814. Widow of beheaded General de Beauharnais, wife of Napoleon 1796-1809; divorced.

Judaism. Monotheistic religion founded by Abraham, who had covenant with God. Branches include: Orthodox. 19C-. Rigorous adherence to original Jewish Law; Rabbinic. 70-18C. Priest replaced by Rabbi. Sacrifice...Study of Torah. Temple...Synagogue; Reform. 19C. Modern liberal interpretation of Judaism. Hasidism. Mishna. Moses.

Judith. Jewish heroine. Killed Holofernes, Nebuchadnezzar’s general.

Julian Calendar. 45BC-1582. Julius Caesar’s 90 day correction to calendar. Changed to 365.25 day year. Corrected by Gregory. Christian Era.

Julian Era. 45BC to present.

Julian the Apostate. 331-63. Roman Emperor 361-. Proclaimed religious toleration. Attempted to make Paganism the state religion.

Juno. Roman goddess of women and marriage. = Hera. Frigg.

Kadet. 1905-17. Russian moderate party in Duma.

Kahlo, Frida. 1907-54. Mexican painter in brilliant colors. Self portraits. Rivera.

Kano School. 15-17C. Family. 7 generations of influential Japanese painters. Moral symbolism.

Kant, Immanuel. 1724-1804. German Romantic philosopher. Free-will. Inherent moral nature implies “Transcendental” world of freedom. Although the mind builds internal maps of sensory perceptions, we do not know what the world is really like. -“moral imperative = human diginity”. On Heaven 1755. Critique of Pure Reason 1781. Critique of Practical Reason 1788. Critique of Judgement.

Kearny, Stephen. 1794-1848. US general. Captured NM in Mexican War.

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