Punjab. Aryan. c518BC Persia. 326BC Macedonia. c324BC Mauryan. c320 Gupta. 8C Moslem. 1206 Delhi. 16C Mogul. 1764 Sikh. 1849 Britain. 1947 Pakistan(W)/India(E). 1984 Amritsar Assault.

Quetzalcóatl. Aztec, Coltec god symbolized by feathered serpent. Legendary founder of Chichen Itza. Also applied as a title equivalent to saint.

Rastatt, Congress of. 1713. After War of Spanish Succession, Holy Roman Empire renounces claim to Spanish throne. 1797-9. Failed at peace between France and HRE.

Ravenna. 402 Western Roman Empire capital. 476 Ostrogothic capital of Italy. 553 Byzantine. 751 Lombard. 754 Franks. 1278 Papal States. 1441 Venice. 1509 Papal States. 1859 Sardinia. 1861 Italy.

Reagan, Ronald. 1911-2004. US actor, Republican President 1981-9. Tax reform. Strong economy. Aid to Nicaragua Contras. Irangate scandal. Fall of Soviet Empire.

Reconquista. 11C-1492 Campaign of Christians to recapture Spain, Portugal from Moslems. 1118 Aragon. 1238 Valencia. 1492 Granada.

Regency. 1800-30. Georgian Classicist architecture with tinge of exotic from the Empire. Stucco facing on brick. Nash. Soane. Hope. Sheraton. Decorative Arts: Neoclassical, Egyptian motifs.

Reich, Second. 1871-1918. German Empire under Kaisers William I, II.

Reichskammergericht. 1495-1806. Supreme Court of Holy Roman Empire.

Reichstag. Ruling body of HRE and German states. = Imperial Diet.

Revolutions of 1848. Vienna, Prague, Venice. Romanticism, economic problems, bad harvest, unrest within Austrian Empire led to concessions, abdication of Emperor Ferdinand I.

Rhodes. <1000BC Minoan. Dorian. 5C BC Delian League. 43BC Rome alliance. 653 Saracen. 1309 Knights of St John. 1522 Turks. 1912 Italy. 1947 Greece. c1C BC School of rhetoric.

Rhodes, Cecil. 1853-1902. English colonialist in South Africa. Endowed Oxford scholarship to preserve Empire.

Rio Salado, Battle. 1340. Major Christian victory in conquering Spain from Moslems.

Roman Empire. 27BC Augustus. 395 Split into Empire of the West and Eastern Roman Empire =Byzantine Empire. Rome.

Roman Republic. 509-27BC. Roman Empire. Rome.

Romania. Balkans. Dacia. 15C Ottoman. 1859 Moldavia+Walachia. 1878 Independent. 1918 + Bessarabia, Transylvania. 1940 -Bessarabia. 1947 People’s Republic. 1955 Warsaw Pact. 1989 Revolt. Ceausescu overthrown.

Rome. 753BC Legendary founding by Romulus and Remus. 616BC Etruscan. 509BC Roman Republic. 27BC Roman Empire. 248 Empire of the West. 395 Byzantine Empire. 410 Visigoths sack Rome. 476 Romulus Augustulus deposed. 493 Ostrogoth. 535 Byzantine. 774 Charlemagne’s Empire of the West. 962 Holy Roman Empire. 11C Norman. 12C Hohenstaufen. 1848 Republic. 1849 Papal States. 1870 Italy. 1929 -Vatican.

Romulus Augustulus. Last Roman Emperor of the West 475-6.

Rudolf II. 1552-1612. Holy Roman Emperor 1576-. Ended toleration of Protestants.

Russo-Turkish Wars. 16-19C. Russia gains Black Sea to Balkans from crumbling Ottoman Empire in 10 wars. Assist Serb, Romanian independence. Crimean War.

Safavids. 1501-1736. Moslem dynasty. Led Persia to power. Established Shi’a Islam as state religion.

Samudra Gupta. -c380. Hindu Indian Emperor. c330-. Expanded empire. Poet, musician, soldier.

Saracens. Moslems in the Middle Ages. Caliphate Empire.

Sardinia. 6C BC Carthage. 238BC Rome. 435 Vandal. 534 Byzantine Empire. 10C Saracen. 1016 Pisa. 1189 Hohenstaufen +Piedmont. 1326 Aragon. 1713 Austria. 1720 Savoy Kingdom. 1796 France. 1815 +Genoa. 1861 Italy. Sardinian Victor-Emmanuel became king of Italy.

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