Galen. 129-c200. Greek doctor. Methods used 1000 years.

Galileo Galilei. 1564-1642. Italian physicist. Planetary motion. Thermometer 1592. Acceleration of falling bodies 1604. Astronomical telescope 1609. Sunspots 1610. Arrested for heliocentricity, 1632. Rehabilitated by Vatican 1992. Copernicus.

Gauss, Karl. 1777-1855. German physicist, mathematician. Complex Numbers. Modern arithmetic 1801.

Gay-Lussac, Louis. 1778-1850. French chemist. Laws of combining gases, 1804. Meteorology.

Genoa, Conference. 1922. European and Commonwealth nations can’t agree on methods to rebuild Russia. France insists on loan repayment.

Geometric. c9C BC. Last Mycenaean Greek art form.

Gettysburg. 1863. Lincoln’s address given to dedicate Civil War cemetery. “Four score and seven years ago...Government of the people, by the people, for the people”.

Giacometti, Alberto. 1901-66. Swiss sculptor. Stretched figures.

Halley, Edmund. 1656-1742. English astronomer who explained comets 1705. First meteorological chart 1686.

Hammett, Dashiell. 1894-1961. US detective story writer. The Thin Man 1952. Maltese Falcon 1930.

Harris, Roy. 1898-1979. US National music composer. Oklahoma flavour. Assymetric rhythms.

Hephaestus. Greek god of fire, metalsmith. =Vulcan.

Hermetic Texts. 1/3 C Egyptian astrology and magic books.

Heron of Alexandria. 1C. Greek mathematician. Area of triangle. Metrica.

Iapetus. Greek Titan. Father of Atlas and Prometheus.

Idealism, Ethical. Moral and intellectual ideals are superior to materialistic concerns.

Income Tax. Britain: 1193 Walter to ransom Richard I. 1799-1815 To finance war vs Napoleon. 10% over £200; 1842 Peel 3%. US: 1862-72 3% over $800 (5% if outside US); 1913 over $3000 only.

Inönü, Ismet. 1884-1974. Turkish military leader, Prime Minister 1923-37, 1961-5. President 1938-50.

Kit-Kat Club. 1703-20. London Whig club of Hanover supporters. Met in Christopher Kat’s tavern.

Leibniz, Gottfried. 1646-1716. German philosopher, mathematician. Invented differential and integral calculus1675, binary arithmetic 1703. Multiplication machine 1671.

Lithuania. 1238 Mindaugas unites. 1385 +Poland. 1569 Lublin Union under Poland. 1795 Prussia/ Russia. 1918 Independent. 1926 Smetona putsch. 1940 USSR. 1991 Independent.

Lobachevsky, Nikolay. 1792-1856. Russian. Invented non-Euclidian geometry, 1826.

Marcel, Gabriel. 1889-1973. French Existential philosopher. Experience more important than metaphysics.

March Revolution. 1848 Germany. Led to Louis I abdication in favour of Maximilian II in Bavaria, Metternich resignation.

Metaphysical Painting. 1911-20. Bizarre surreal imagery in stark landscape. De Chirico.

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