Mediterranean Agreements. 1887-92. Britain, Spain, Italy, Austria-Hungary. To preserve status quo.

Alexander, Harold (of Tunis). 1891-1969. British. Supreme Allied Commander, Mediterranean 1944-45. Directed Dunkirk evacuation. Governor General of Canada, 1946-52.

Crimean War. 1853-6. Russian attempt to get a Mediterranean port stopped by Turkey, England, France, Sardinia. Dispute over Holy places in Palestine.

Dardanelles. Mediterranean-Black Sea channel. = Hellespont. Gallipoli. Bosphorus.

Garros, Roland. 1888-1918. French aviator, first to cross Mediterranean.

Gentlemen’s Agreement. 1907. US-Japan. Restricted emigration and discrimination. 1937. British-Italian agreement on Mediterranean. Appeasement.

Levant. Region of E Mediterranean from Greece to Egypt.

Neuilly, Treaty. 1919. Bulgaria and Allies. Bulgaria cedes land and pays WWI reparations, loses outlet to Mediterranean.

Phocaea. Ionian city. Settled Anatolia 10C BC. Colonized Dardanelles, Mediterranean, Black Sea.

Phoenicians. Canaanites. 30-4C BC. Eastern Mediterranean traders from England to Africa. 20C BC Tyre. 15C BC invented alphabet. 814BC Carthage.

Channel Tunnel. Mathieu conceived the idea in 1802. Begun 1880s. French-English agreements to proceed, 1964, 1985. Opened 1994.

Constantinople Agreements. 1915. Secret French/British pact to give Dardanelles to Russia after WWI. Bolsheviks repudiated all previous treaties, but publicized secret ones-embarrassing.

Geneva Convention. 1864. Established humane treatment of war wounded. Sanctioned Red Cross. 1949. Agreements concerning wounded, prisoners, and civilians in war.

Hull, Cordell. 1871-1955. US Secretary of State. UN founder. Trade agreements.

Malignar Agreements. 1936-7. Socialist reforms in France.

Root, Elihu. 1845-1937. US internationalist statesman. Agreements with Japan, Britain, Latin America. Disarmament Conference.

Zollverein. 1818-71. German economic agreements led by Prussia...German Customs Union 1834. First steps toward union.