Charles VIII. 1470-98. King of France 1483-.

Charles IX. 1550-74. King of France 1560-. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.

Charles X. 1757-1836. King of France 1824-30. Overthrown by revolt.

Childeric III. Last Merovingian King of France -751.

Clément, Jacques. 1567-89. Assassinated Henry III of France.

Clovis I. 465-511. Salian Frankish king 481-. Conquered N Gaul. Baptized at Reims. Moved capital to Paris in 506. First Merovingian king of France.

Coalition, Wars of. 1792-1815. European powers oppose France’s revolutionary ideas and expansion. French Revolutionary Wars. Napoleonic Wars. Third Coalition War.

Cobden, Treaty. 1860. Free trade between Britain and France.

Columban, St. c543-615. Irish monk. Missionary to France, Switzerland, Italy.

Committee of Public Safety. 1793-5. Ruled France. Robespierre’s reign of Terror.

Communist Party. USSR. 1918. Name adopted by Bolsheviks for Social Democratic Workers’ Party. Parties started in Britain, USA, Austria, France, Italy, Spain, Germany soon after.

Comoros. 8C Moslem. 1527 Europeans explore. 1886 France. 1975 Independent.

Concini, Concino. -1617. Italian favourite of Marie de Medici. Marshal of France. Executed.

Conscription. 1793. Carnot devised first compulsory military service for France. Used in Egypt’s Old Kingdom.

Corbeil, Treaty. 1258. France, Aragon. Settled territorial disputes.

Corsica. 6C BC Phocaean. Etruscan. 278BC Carthage. 259BC Rome. 5C Vandal. 6C Byzantine. 8C Papacy. 10C Saracen. 1077 Pisa. 1296 Genoa, Aragon dispute. 1569 Genoa. 1768 France. 1794 Britain. 1796 France 1814-15 British occupy. WWII Germans occupy.

Coty, René. 1882-1962. President of France, 1954-59. Algerian Crisis 1958, led to return of deGaulle.

Crépy, Treaty. 1544. Ends 23 years of war between Holy Roman Empire and France.

Crimean War. 1853-6. Russian attempt to get a Mediterranean port stopped by Turkey, England, France, Sardinia. Dispute over Holy places in Palestine.

Crispi, Francesco. 1819-1901. Italian Prime Minister 1887~96. Thousand.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Denis, St. -250. Patron St. of France, martyred first bishop of Paris. Carried his head to St-Denis Abbey.

Dominican Republic. Arawak. 1492 Columbus discovers. Spain 1795 France 1801 Haiti. 1809 Sp. 1822 Haiti. 1844 Independent.

Dreyfus, Alfred. 1859-1935. Jewish French officer. Trial divided France, 1894-1906. Unjustly sent to Devil’s Island on forged evidence. Zola. Esterhazy.

Dual Alliance. 1879-1918. Austria-Germany...Triple Alliance. 1891-1914. Secret, France-Russia. Caused Germany to declare war on France when attacking Russia. WWI.

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