Hercules, Tower of. Roman lighthouse in Spain, still in use.

Herder, Johann von. 1744-1803. German Sturm and Drang Nationalist writer. Stimulated Romanticism.

Hermandad. 1250-1550. Castile-Aragon defensive alliance.

Herodes Atticus. c101-177. Greek/Roman orator, banker. Gave major buildings to Athens.

Herrera, Fernando de. 1534-97. Spanish Humanist poet.

Herschel, William. 1738-1822. German/English astronomer, discovered Uranus 1781.

Hertz, Heinrich. 1857-94. German physicist: electromagnetic waves.

Hess. Rudolph. 1894-1987. German Nazi leader. Flew to Scotland, 1941. Sentenced to life at Nuremberg.

Hesse, Hermann. 1877-1962. German/Swiss writer of psychological, mystical. Siddharta 1922. Steppenwolf 1927. Magister Ludi 1943.

Hessians. German mercenaries fighting for Britain in American Revolution.

Heuss, Theodor. 1884-1963. First President of German Federal Republic, 1949-59.

Hickock, James (Wild Bill). 1837-76. US frontier lawman.

Hilbert, David. 1862-1943. German number theorist. Hilbert Space.

Himmler, Heinrich. 1900-45. German Gestapo and SS head. Concentration camps. Suicide after Allied capture.

Hindemith, Paul. 1895-1963. German Gebrauchmusik movement composer. Music as social expression.

Hindenburg. German zeppelin, explodes 1937 in New Jersey, kills 36.

Hindenburg, Paul von. 1847-1934. Commander in Chief of the German armies 1916-18. President of Weimar Republic 1925-. Appointed Hitler chancellor 1933.

Hindenburg Line. 1917. German army’s Western Front. Breached 1918.

Hinduism. c 1500BC-. Indian religion. Cycles of life, death, reincarnation. Release by enlightenment. Caste system. Vedas. Root of Buddhism, Jainism, many sects. Upanishads.

Hiram. 989-936BC. King of Tyre 969-. Helped build Soloman’s Temple of Jerusalem 950BC.

Hispania. Roman for Spain and Portugal.

Hitler, Adolf. 1889-1945. Austrian/German Nazi Chancellor 1933-, dictator 1934-. Expansionist policies led to WWII. Mein Kampf 1925.

Hoffmann, August. 1798-1874. German poet. Deutschland über alles 1841.

Hofmann. Synthetic rubber, 1909.

Hofmann, Hans. 1880-1966. German/US improvising painter. Influenced Abstract Expressionism.

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