Gräfe, Albrecht. 1828-70. German ophthalmologist. Glaucoma, 1857. Cataract treatment, 1867.

Grand Alliance, War of. 1689-97. Spain, Sweden, England, Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands vs French expansionism. Negotiated Peace. King William’s War. Namur. Augsburg League.

Grande Armée. 1805-12. Napoleon’s 1,000,000 man army; combined smaller armies for central control.

Grant, Ulysses S. 1822-85. Commander-in-Chief Union army 1864-5 in US Civil War. President 1869-77.

Grass, Günter. 1927-. German writer. Tin Drum 1959.

Greece. c3000BC Minoan(Crete). c1500BC Achaean. 11C Aeolian, Ionian. c1100 Dorian. 683 Athens monarchy. 404 Sparta. 371 Thebes. 338 Macedonia...Alexander. 197BC Rome...Byzantine. 1453 AD Ottoman. 1829 Independent kingdom. 1912 +Crete. 1924 Republic. 1935 Constitutional Monarchy. 1973 Republic. 1981 EEC. 1994 EU.

Greek Project. 1782. Abandoned plan of Catherine the Great to conquer Ottoman Empire.

Greeley, Horace. 1811-72. US founder of New Yorker, NY Tribune. Slavery critic. -“Go west, young man!”

Green, Hetty. 1835-1916. US miser. World’s richest woman.

Green Revolution. 20C. Increased food production in developing countries based on new plant breeds. Borlaug.

Greene, Graham. 1904-91. English cinematic thriller writer: Man Within 1929. Power and the Glory 1940. Third Man 1949. Quiet American 1955.

Grenville, William. 1759-1834. British statesman. Ministry of All Talents 1806-7. Abolished Slave Trade, 1807.

Grey, Edward. 1862-1933. British statesman. Triple Alliance. Treaty of London.

Grimm, Wilhelm. 1786-1859, Jacob 1785-1863. German writers of fairy tales 1812, founders of the German philology.

Gropius, Walter. 1883-1969. German architect. Bauhaus director. Modern horizontal buildings, glass walls.

Grosz, George. 1893-1959. German satirical artist/caricaturist. Pillars of Society.

Grotefend, George. 1775-1853. German. Deciphered Cuneiform 1802. Behistun.

Grünewald, Matthias, St. -1528. German Late Gothic artist. Isenheim altarpiece c1510. Colors influenced Baroque Art.

Guatemala. Maya. 1523 Spain. 1822 Mexican Empire. 1823 CAF. 1839 Independent. Many Mayan revolts. 1954 CIA led coup. Military Dictatorship. 1980-96 Genocide. 1996 Peace.

Guederian, Heinz. 1888-1954. German general. Invented blitzkrieg 1940.

Guelfs and Ghibellines. 1154-15C. Rival factions responsible for feuds in Germany and Italy. Welfs.

Guernica. Spanish Basque capital bombed by Germans for Franco, 1937. Euzkadi. Picasso. Spanish Civil War.

Gutenberg, Johannes. 1400-68. German printer, inventor of movable type.

Gypsies. 16C-. Nomadic peoples with Romany language. Probable Indian origin.

Hadrian. 76-138. Roman Emperor 117-. Built wall across England 122-36, Aelius Bridge 134. Rebuilt Greek cities.

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