Xenophanes. c560-478BC. Greek poet. Founded Eleatics. Change is an illusion. Monotheist.

Xerxes I. 519-465BC. King of Persia, invaded Attica. Victor at Thermopylae. Salamis defeat preserved Greek independence. Crossed Hellespont 480BC.

York. Branch of the Anjou-Plantegenet family, Edward IV, Edward V, and Richard III. War of Roses.

York Cathedral. 625 Original. 1070-1472 Current.

Yü the Great. -2197BC. Legendary founder of First Chinese dynasty, Hsia.

Zambia. 1851 Livingstone explores. 1890 British South Africa Company =Northern Rhodesia. 1953 +Nyasaland. 1964 Independent Zambia.

Zeami Motokiyo. 1363-1443. Japanese No drama theorist, playwright. Kaden-sho 1400.

Zimbabwe. 11C Shona. 15C Karanga Empire. 16C Portugal explores. 1890 British South Africa Co. 1911 Southern Rhodesia. 1953 +Nyasaland. 1964 =Rhodesia. 1965 Declared indepence, international sanctions. 1979 Independent. =Zimbabwe. ZAPU. ZANU. Mugabe.

Zionism. 1882-1947. Aspirations of a Jewish nation in Israel. Balfour Declaration. Herzl.

Zionist World Congress. 1897. Defined Basel Program to establish Palestinian Homeland. Herzl.

Zoroastrianism. 550BC-650. Monotheistic, dualist national religion of Persia. =Parsiism. Zoroaster.

Zuiderzee. Netherlands. 13C. Floods caused by storms. 1927-32 Dam built. 1930s Land reclaimed. 1944 Flooded by Nazis. 1946 reclaimed.

Biron, Charles. 1562-1602. French marshal, beheaded for treason.

Bronze Age. 3500-500BC. First uses of metal for arms and tools. Began in Near East. Society more structured. Specialization begins. Iron Age.

Chiron. Greek centaur.

Constitution. 1797. US warship Old Ironsides.

Danton, Georges. 1759-94. French Cordelier, Jacobin. Girondin leader 1792-3. Defeated foreign interveners. Executed by Robespierre.

Darby, Abraham. 1678-1717. Iron coking process, 1709.

Edmund II Ironside. c993-1016. English King 1016. Defeated by Canute 1016, kept Wessex.

Enragés. 1793. Parisian extremists overthrow Girondins.

Girondins. 1791-3 Moderate French republicans. Tried to save king’s life. Most executed. Danton.

Hallstatt. ~1100BC. Pioneer iron-age culture in Austria. Spread to Spain, Greece.

Hittites. c2300-1170BC. Asia Minor Empire c1400-. Discovered iron smelting. Hieroglyphics.

Iron Age. 1200BC. Hittites begin to use iron for tools and weapons. 1000BC Europe. 600BC China.

Iron Cross. 1813. Prussian military decoration.

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