Lepidus, Marcus. -13BC. Roman triumvir with Antony, Octavian 43-36BC. Failed revolt vs Octavian, 36BC.

Lepidus, Marcus. -c77BC. Roman consul. Opposed Sulla’s reforms, 78. Defeated by Pompey in Etruria.

Lermontov, Mikhail. 1814-41. Russian Romantic Caucasus poet: Hero of Our Time 1840. Exiled 1837-38,40.

Lessing, Gotthold. 1729-81. German Movement dramatist. Laokoon 1765. Minna von Barnheim 1767. Nathan the Wise 1779.

Leutze, Emanuel. 1816-68. US painter. Washington Crossing the Delaware 1851.

L’Hôpital, Michel de. 1505-73. French statesman, urged tolerance during the Wars of Religion.

Li Tzu-ch’eng. 1605-45. Chinese rebel. Overthrew Ming dynasty 1644. Defeated by Manchu.

Liber. Roman god of wine, fertility...Bacchus. = Dionysus.

Liberalism, Economic. 19C. Striving for personal profits and liberty. Manchester School. Cobden.

Libraries. 1700BC Chaldean. 540BC Athens. 284BC Alexandria. 167 Rome. 355 Constantinople. 1446 Vatican. 1520 Paris. 1757 British Museum. 1598 Oxford Bodleian. 1653 Manchester, First free public. 1800 US Library of Congress.

Libya. 7C BC Phoenician, Carthage, Greek colonies. 46BC Rome. 476 Vandal(W). 534 Byzantine 647 Arab. 1551 Ottoman. 1911 Italian colony. 1943 British/French 1950 Independent Kingdom. 1969 Qaddafi coup. Terrorism. Lockerbie.

Liebig, Justus von. 1808-73. German chemist. Analysis of organic compounds, 1831. Agricultural chemistry, 1841. Chloroform 1831.

Liebknecht, Wilhelm. 1826-1900. German Socialist. Founded Social Democratic Labour Party, 1869.

Liechtenstein. 5C Alemanni. Franks. 1342 Independent. 1396 HRE. 1719 Principality «HRE. 1806 Rhine Confederation.1815 German Confederation. 1852 Customs Union with Austria 1923 Customs Union with Switzerland.

Limburg, Pol, Herman and Jehanequin. c1835-c1416. Dutch Gothic illuminators. Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry 1416.

Limon von Sanders, Otto. 1855-1929. German general. Led Turks at Galipoli.

Lincoln, Abraham. 1809-65. US Republican president 1861-. Civil War. Gettysburg. Emancipation Proclamation. Assassinated. Booth.

List, Friedrich. 1789-1846. German economist. Advocated protectionism. National System of Political Economy 1846.

Liszt, Franz. 1811-86. Hungarian pianist, Romantic composer. Harmonic innovator.

Little Entente. 1920-38. Economic, defensive alliance of Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia.

Livius Andronicus. c284-204BC. Roman epic poet. Translated Greek plays, Odyssey.

Livonian Knights. 1202-1561. German religious order to Christianize Baltic. Livonia.

Livy. c59BC-17 AD. Roman historian. 142 volume Annals of Rome 29BC-.

Locarno Pact. 1925. Non-aggression treaty in Europe. Germany, France, Belgium, et al. Broken when Hitler occupied Rhineland,1936.

Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

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