NATO. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1949- Collective defence alliance of Western European and North Atlantic countries to preserve democratic freedom. UK, Canada, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, US. 1952 Greece, Turkey, 1955 FRG. 1964 -Greece. 1966 -France. 1980 +Greece. 1982 +Spain. 1993 +France. 1999 +Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic. 2004 +Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.

Nauru. 1798 Sighted. 1888 Germany (Marshall Is). 1914 Australia. 1920 Britain/Ausralia/New Zealand mandate. 1942 Japanese occupy. 1947 Australian trust. 1968 Independent republic.

Navarino, Battle. 1827. Greeks/Allies naval defeat of Egypt/Turks.

Nazi-Soviet Pact. German-Soviet Pact.

Neanderthal Man. 100,000-50,000BC. Skull discovered in Germany 1856.

Neptune. Roman god of the Sea = Poseidon. Trident.

Nernst, Walther. 1864-1941. German scientist: Third law of thermodynamics. Physical chemistry.

Nero. 37-68. Cruel, licentious Roman Emperor 54-. Persecuted Christians. Killed mother, wife. Blamed for fire, 63. Golden House.

Nestorianism. 392-. Jesus had divine + human personalities with moral union. Monophysitism.

Netherlands. Celts, Germans. 1C Rome. 400 Franks...Carolingian. 9C HRE. 1477 Hapsburg. 1555 Spain. 1581 Independent(N) = United Provinces. 1795 France. Batavian Republic. 1806 Kingdom of Holland. 1810 «France. 1815 United Kingdom of the Netherlands. 1830 -Belgium. 1940-45 Germans occupy.

Neumann, Balthasar. 1687-1753. German Baroque architect. Residenz in Würzburg 1719-44.

Neumann, John von. 1903-57. Hungarian/US mathematician. Computer theory; serial process. Assisted H-bomb development. Minimax theorem 1928.Theory of Games 1944.

New Amsterdam. 1624-64 Dutch settlement. = Manhattan.

New Guinea. 1512 Portugal discovers. 1828 Netherlands(W). 1884 Dutch/British(SE)/German(NE). 1906 British part(SE) to Australia. 1921 League of Nations Australian mandate(NE). 1945 Mandate +Papua. 1963 Dutch part(W) to Indonesia. 1975 Papua New Guinea.

New World Order. 1940. Germany, Italy, Japan plan for world domination.

New York City. 1609 Hudson discovers. 1624 Dutch New Amsterdam. 1626 Manhattan Purchase. 1664 English. 1785-90 US capital.

New Zealand. <8C Maori. 1642 Tasman discovers. 1840 British. 1852 Autonomous. 1907 Dominion.

Newman, John. 1801-90. English theologian, writer, founded Oxford Movement. Apologia pro Vita Sua 1868.

Nibelungen. Rich subterranean dwarfs of 12C German epic poem c1200. Basis of Wagner’s Ring.

Nicholas of Cusa. 1401-64. German. Proposed heliocentricity, calendar reform 1429. De Docta Ignorantia 1440. “A learned man is one who is aware of his own ignorance.”

Nicias. -413BC. Athenian commander. Syracuse siege.

Nicopolis, Battle. 1396. Turks crushed Crusaders. Ended European opposition to Ottoman expansion into Balkans.

Niemöller, Martin. 1892-1984. German theologian. Opposed Nazis.

Niepce, Nicéphore. 1765-1833. French. First permanent photographic image 1826.

Nietzche, Friedrich. 1844-1900. German philosopher. Superman doctrine. Survival of fittest. Thus Spake Zarathustra 1883-92. Will to Power influenced Fascists.

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