Muhammadan Era. Began 622 AD, AH 0 of Islamic Calendar. Dates from Hijrah. Christian Era.

Nagarjuna. c150-250. Indian Buddhist. Founded Madhyamika school. Clarified concept of Emptiness.

Naguib, Muhammad. 1901-84. Egyptian general. Deposed Farouk I with Nasser. President 1952-4.

Obelisk. 3300 year old Luxor gift of Muhammad Ali to Charles X, 1829. Place de la Concorde, Paris.

Pavia, Battle. 1525. Holy Roman Empire defeats France. Madrid Treaty.

Philip II. 1527-98. Spanish king. Revolt, 1579. Married Mary I of England. Sent Armada against Elizabeth I, 1588. Counter-Reformation champion.

Popper, Karl. 1902-94. Austrian/British philosopher. Objective knowledge. All knowledge grows from conjecture and refutation. Social advance made one step at a time.

Prometheus. Titan who made man of clay and gave him life, stole fire from the gods for him. Chained to a rock to have an eagle eat his liver daily. Freed by Hercules.

Prophet. Old Testament Hebrew spiritual leader, divinely inspired spokesperson. Muhammad, Moses, Jeremiah, Isaiah, Jesus.

Ptolemy II. 308-246BC. Egyptian king 285-. Made Alexandria a cultural center. Built Pharos.

Puccini, Giacomo. 1858-1924. Popular Italian naturalist opera composer: La Boheme 1896. Tosca 1900. Madame Butterfly 1904.

Pygmalion. Greek sculptor who fell in love with statue he made.

Quadi. -173. Nomadic German tribe in Moravia.

Raphaël. 1483-1520. Italian High Renaissance classical painter, sculptor, architect. Vatican frescoes 1508-11. Madonnas 1505-7. Sistine Madonna 1513. Julius II.

Renaissance Music. c16C. Freer, flexible polyphony; steady, predictable rhythm. Palestrina. Gabrieli. English madrigals.

Schema de Parvo. 1870. Roman Catholic catechism.

Scythians. 8/7-2C BC. Nomadic conquerors of S Europe, Russia. Conquered by Samaritans. Destroyed 2C AD.

Spanish Armada. 1588. English support Dutch Revolt. Philip II sends 129 ships against England. Howard, Drake, Hawkins, with 197 ships, chase the armada from English Channel, thanks to a NW gale. Spain declines as naval power. Wars of Religion.

Torquemada, Tomás de. 1420-98. Dominican Inquisitor General, Spain. Worst atrocities. Expelled Jews 1492.

Wandiwash, Battle. 1760. British defeat French at Madras. French leave India.

Young Plan. 1930. Fixed German WWI reparations at 37 billion gold marks to be paid by 1988. One payment made.

Zia al-Huq, Mohammad. 1924-88. Pakistan president 1978-. Overthrew Bhutto.

Addled Parliament. 1614. England. Criticized James I; achieved nothing.

Admonition to Parliament. 1572. Puritans demand episcopacy abolition.

Althing. 930~. Icelandic parliament. World’s oldest.

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