Ford, Ford Madox. 1873-1939. English writer and editor. Transatlantic Review 1924.

Gabriel. Archangel. God’s messenger. Made Annunciation to Mary, and revealed Koran to Muhammad.

Gaucho. 18-19C Nomadic South American cowboy.

Ghazan, Mahmud. 1271-1304. Mongol Persian ruler 1295-. Made Islam state religion.

Giorgione. c1477-1510. Venetian painter. Tempest c1505. Madonna of Castel franco c1504.

Giotto. c1266-1337. Florentine fresco painter. First to abandon Byzantine style. Arena Chapel frescoes 1305. Madonna and Child c1314.

Gypsies. 16C-. Nomadic peoples with Romany language. Probable Indian origin.

Halifax Explosion. 1917. French arms boat explodes in harbour. 2000 casualties. Biggest man-made explosion until Hiroshima.

Hardy, Thomas. 1840-1928. English novelist: Far from the Madding Crowd 1874; Mayor of Casterbridge 1886; Jude the Obscure 1896. Man as victim of fate. -“the worth encompassed by the inevitable”.

Hijrah. (Hegira). 622. Muhammed’s flight from Mecca to Medina. Begins Moslem calendar.

Howard, Charles. 1536-1624. English. Commanded expedition vs Spanish Armada.

Hudaybiyah, Pact of al-. 628. Muhammad and followers allowed into Mecca for pilgrimage. Hijrah.

Huns. Nomadic peoples of Central Asia who invaded Europe in 4-5C. Attila. Defeated at Châlons-sur-Marne, 451.

Husayn ibn Ali. 626-680. Shi’ite Moslem saint. Muhammad’s heir.

Ile de la Cité, Paris. Originally Lutetia 250BC. Renamed by Clovis, 506, when he made it his capital.

Inquisition. Group of tribunals dedicated to routing out heresy. Papal. 1231-18C. Formalized by Gregory IX. Torture to obtain confession authorized by Innocent IV 1252. Roman. 1542-1908. RC church vs Protestantism. Galileo. Spanish. 1478-1834. Formed by Isabella and Ferdinand to persecute Jews and Moslems. Torquemada. Auto-da-fé.

Islam. =Muhammadism. 7C-. Monotheistic religion based on Koran. 1/6 of world’s population, especially north Africa, Middle East, SW Asia. Sunni. Shi’ite. Caliphate Empire.

Jewish Era. Began 3761BCE. Year of creation calculated from Biblical evidence. Christian Era. Muhammadan Era.

Jibril. Islamic archangel. God’s messenger to Muhammad. = Gabriel.

Kalmyks. Nomadic Mongolian peoples. 17C Settled Lower Volga. 1771 Forced back at great loss of life. 1945 Exiled to Siberia. 1957 Restored.

Koran. (Qur’an.) 615-32. Islamic sacred book of God’s revelations to Muhammad.

Ladislaus II. 1350-1434. King of Poland, 1386-. Victories made Poland a power. Merged with Lithuania. Tannenberg.

Laing, R.D. 1927-89. British Existential psychologist. Madness as form of self-expression.

Lassus, Roland de. 1531-94. Composer of masses, madrigals in Franco-Belgian style.

Lima Declaration. 1938. W. Hemisphere solidarity vs Fascist threat.

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