National Assembly. 1789-91. French legislature of Third Estate. 1946-. Lower house of French parliament. Rights of Man. Legislative Assembly.

National Covenant. 1638. Oath to maintain Scottish Presbyterianism against Charles I episcopacy. 1638-90. Presbyterians persecuted in Scotland. 1643-67 Solemn League allied with Parliament in Civil War. 1647-supported Charles. 1661 illegal.

New Model Army. 1645. English parliamentary army replaced private armies. Won Civil War.

Nineteen Propositions. 1642. Parliament’s demands, rejected by Charles I. Civil War.

O’Connell, Daniel. 1775-1847. Irish leader. Founded Catholic Association, 1823. Election to Parliament led to Catholic Emancipation Act, 1829.

Parliament. British Monarch, House of Lords and Commons. 1295 Model Parliament. 1688 Glorious Revolution. 1911 Parliament Act. Curia Regis. Name of legislatures of most former British colonies.

Parliament Act. 1911. House of Lords loses veto after opposing tax on wealthy. Commons term 5 yrs.

Peterloo Massacre. 1819. Peaceful Manchester demonstration for parliamentary reform suppressed by cavalry. 500 casualties. Ultra tories limit freedom of press, assembly.

Pobedonostev, Konstantin. 1827-1907. Russian. professor, tutor to Alexander III, Nicholas II. Pro-autocracy. “Parliaments are the great lie of our time.”

Poynings Laws. 1494. Irish Parliament Acts put English Laws in effect.

Pride’s Purge. 1648. Removal of 143 Presbyterian royalists from Parliament. Rump Parliament.

Prime Minister. =Premier. Head of parliamentary government under the head of state (monarch or president). Walpole (1721-42) considered first British Prime Minister. Richelieu 1624 France. Chancellor.

Pym, John. 1583-1643. English Puritan. Led Long Parliament. Civil War.

Reform Bills. England. 1832: Russell redistributes Parliamentary seats, enfranchises renters. 1867: Disraeli enfranchises workers in towns. 1884: Gladstone enfranchises agricultural workers. Representation of People Acts.

Rights, Bill of. 1689. Established power of British Parliament over taxes, laws, army. Protestant Succession. William and Mary.

Riksdag. 1435-1865. Swedish parliament.

Rothschild, Lionel de. 1808-79. First Jewish member of British Parliament 1858-74.

Roundhead. Derisory term applied to Parliamentarians during English Civil War.

Rump Parliament. 1648-60. After Pride’s Purge.

Sandys, Edwin. 1561-1629. English parliamentarian. His ideas helped overthrow Charles I.

Scots Confession. Knox’s Calvinist doctrine, adopted by Scottish parliament 1560.

Short Parliament. 1640. England. Refused king taxes because of grievances.

Spain. c3000BC Iberians. c11C BC Phoenicians. c10C Celts. 6C Basques. c5C Carthage. 3C BC Rome. 5C Vandals, Visigoths. 711 Moslems. 801 Charlemagne. 10C independent kingdoms of Castile, León, Aragon, Navarre. 1031-1492 Reconquista. 1143 Portugal independent. 1479 Aragon, Castile unite. 1492 Moors final defeat. 1512 + Navarre =Spain. 1808 Napoleon. 1898 -Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico. Spanish American War. 1931 Republic. 1936 Civil War. 1939 Franco. 1975 Parliamentary Monarchy. ETA. New Spain.

Storting. 1814-. Bicameral Norwegian parliament.

Strafford, First earl. 1593-1641. English adviser to Charles I. Executed by Parliament.

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