Mad Parliament. 1258. Barons give financial aid to Henry III in exchange for reform. Oxford Provisions.

Ahmad Shah Durrani. c1722-73. Founder, Afghanistan.

Ali. 4th Caliph, 656-661. Son-in-law of Muhammad. Succession led to Sunni/Shi’ite split. Moslem Civil War.

Amadeus VIII. Antipope Felix V 1439-49.

Andrea del Sarto. 1486-1530. Florentine fresco painter: Annunziata frescoes. Madonna of the Harpies 1517.

Angelico, Fra. c1400-55. Florentine classical colorist painter: Convent of St. Mark. Madonna and Angel Musicians 1433.

Armada. Spanish Armada.

Aryans. 2000BC. Nomads from Steppes spread to India. Founded Indus Civilization, 3240-2750BC. Hyksos Empire in Syria, 1720-1550BC. Introduced horse chariots. Basis for all Indo-European languages.

Avars. 6-8C. Nomadic Caucasus tribe defeated by Charlemagne.

Avogadro, Amadeo. 1776-1856. PV=nRT. Number of molecules in a given quantity of gas 1811.

Badr, Battle. 624. Muhammad’s first military victory. Defeats Umayyad caravan.

Bedouin. Nomadic N African tribes.

Berbers. Caucasian North African peoples, mostly Moslem. Nomadic since 12C Arab invasions. Almohads. Almoravids. Barbary.

Byrd, William. c1543-1623. British madrigal, church keyboard composer.

Caliphate Empire. 632-1258. Moslem Empire founded by Muhammad. From Afghanistan to north Africa and Spain. Umayyad. Abbasid.

Christian Era. 1 AD to present. Jewish Era. Muhammadan Era. Julian Calendar.

Cimabue, Giovanni. c1240-1302. Italian painter. Broke from Byzantine to natural style by characterizing individuals. St. John. Pisa Cathedral. Sta Trinita Madonna c1290.

Classical Music. ~1750-1820. Development of sonata, symphony, string quartet. Mozart. Beethoven. Haydn.

Drake, Francis. 1540-96. English pirate/explorer. Sailed around the world 1580. Vice Admiral at defeat of Spanish Armada, 1588. Privateers.

Dutch Revolt. 1566-79. Calvinist north vs Spanish Hapsburgs. United Provinces. Spanish Armada.

Eastern Crisis. 1839-41. British suppression of Muhammed Ali’s Egyptian expansion.

Escurial. 1557. Spanish monastery near Madrid built by Philip II to commemorate St-Quentin victory.

Fatima. c606-33. Daughter of Mohammad. Matriarch of Fatimids. Wife of Ali, Shi’ite leader.

Fifth Column. 1936. Fascists within besieged Madrid who assisted Franco’s attackers. Term generally applied to subversives since.

Flaubert, Gustave. 1821-1880. French Realist novelist. Madame Bovary 1851. Novembre 1842. Acquitted of corrupting public morals, 1857.

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