Estonia. c1000BC Aesti. 9C- Vikings invade. 11,12C Russia, Denmark, Sweden invades. 1219 Denmark. 1346 Teutonic Knights buy. 16C Sweden/Poland/Denmark divide. 17C Sweden. 1721 Russian. 1918 Independent. 1919-33 Unstable governments. 1924 Failed Bolshevik revolution. 1934 Päts coup. 1940 USSR. 1991 Independent.

Ethics. Study of what is good human conduct.

Eucken, Rudolf. 1846-1926. German philosopher: personal ethics are more important than intellectual idealism.

Euclid. c300BC. Greek mathematician. Discovered plane geometry. Elements.

Eugène of Savoy, Prince. 1663-1736. French General of H.R. Imperial armies. Defeated Turks in Vienna and Hungary.

Eugenics. Race improvement by selective mating. Galton.

Eulenspiegel, Till. -1350. German peasant prankster.

Euler, Leonhard. 1707-83. Swiss mathematician. Calculus, optics. Analytic geometry.

Europe, Council of. 1949-. To protect common heritage, human rights and harmonize legislation by replacing bilateral treaties.

European Union. 1958 European Economic Community (EEC) of Belgium, France, W Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands. To integrate economic development of members. 1967 =European Community (EC). 1973 +UK, Ireland, Denmark. 1981+Greece. 1985 -Greenland. 1986 +Spain, Portugal. 1990 +former E Germany. 1993 =European Union (EU). Maastricht Treaty. European Parliament. European Court of Justice.

Evatt, Herbert. 1894-1965. Australian statesman. Major influence on UN charter.

Eve. Biblical first woman. Wife of Adam. Ate forbidden apple, expelled from Garden of Eden.

Evil May Day. 1517. London apprentices riot.

Existentialism. Philosophy. Existence is concrete. Man has choice. Responsibility, freedom. Anti-conformism. Kierkegaard. Sartre. Heidegger.

Exodus. 13C BC. Jews escape Egyptian slavery. Moses. Ten Commandments.

Expressionism. 1920-24. German drama style showing writers’ feelings. Author/hero.

Expressionism. 20C Literary style expressing essence of subject by exaggerating characteristics. Sounds and symbols. Joyce. Kafka. O’Neill. Woolf. Beckman.

Expressionism. 20C Music style of intense emotion, conflict, distortion. Mahler. Strauss.

Exuperantius, St. 3C Zurich martyr.

Eyre, Edward. 1815-1901. British explorer in Australia. Dismissed as governor of Jamaica for cruel repression of 1865 revolt.

Factory Acts. England. 1802 Apprentices 12 hr day. 1819 Minimum age 9. 1833. Limited child labour to 8 hours and education required 1844 Women, children 10 hr max. 1842 No women/children in mines. 1920 Minimum age 14. US 1844 Women 12 hr max. 1874 Women/children 10 hr max.

Fahrenheit, Gabriel. 1686-1736. German physicist, inventor of temperature scale 1712. Alcohol thermometer 1709. Mercury thermometer 1714.

Fair Deal. 1945,9. Truman’s program for jobs, housing, social insurance in US.

Fairfax, Thomas. 1612-71. English Parliamentarian Civil War general. Commander-in-Chief of New Model Army. Victor at Marston Moor.

Falkland Is. 1592 Davis discovers. 1764 British settle. 1774-1811 Spanish. 1829 Argentina claims (Malvinas). 1833 British.

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