Ali. 4th Caliph, 656-661. Son-in-law of Muhammad. Succession led to Sunni/Shi’ite split. Moslem Civil War.

Ali Pasha. 1741-1822. Turkish governor of Greece. Byron’s “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” subject.

Ali Pasha, Mehmed Emin. 1815-71. Reforming Ottoman Vizier.

Allende, Salvador. 1908-73. Marxist president of Chile 1970-3.

Alma, Battle. 1854 Crimean War. French and British defeat Russians at Sebastapol.

Almohads. 1130-1269. Berber dynasty in Morocco and Spain. Ibn Tumart.

Alsace-Lorraine. Iron rich region along Rhine. 1C BC Rome. 5C Alemanni. 496 Franks. 870 German. 1648(A)/1766(L) French 1871 Prussia. 1919 France 1940 Germany. 1945 France.

Altdorfer, Albrecht. c1480-1538. German founder landscape painting.

Althusius, Johannes. 1557-1638. German jurist. “Father of Federalism”.

Altmark Truce. 1629-35. Polish-Swedish wars of succession.

Alto Adige. German speaking Tyrol area of Italy 1919-. Granted semi-independence, 1971.

Alvarado, Pedro de. c1486-1541. Spanish conquerer of Guatemala and El Salvador. Conquistador to Mexico.

Alyscamps. Gallo Roman cemetery, Arles.

Amadeus VIII. Antipope Felix V 1439-49.

Amana Colonies. 1855. Successful Pietist communes in Iowa.

Amanollah Khan. 1892-1960. Amir of Afghanistan 1919-29. Won independence from Britain, 1919.

Amarna Age. 1379-1362BC. Reign of Akhenaton.

Amati. 16-17C. Italian family of violin makers-taught Stradivari.

Amazons. Mythical women warriors. Fought Greeks at Troy.

Amboina Massacre. 1623. 20 British and Japanese merchants executed by Dutch for plotting overthrow.

Amboise Conspiracy. 1560. Failed Huguenot plot to kidnap French king. Led to massacre of 1200 Huguenots.

America. Term coined 1507 by Waldseemüller after Amerigo Vespucci.

Amiens Cathedral. 1220-1270. Romanesque/Gothic.

Ammianus Marcellinus. 330-395. Wrote 31 volume History of Rome.

Amnesty International. 1961. Human rights watchdog NGO fighting for political prisoners and victims of torture. MacBride.

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