Arnold, Matthew. 1822-88. English poet. Scholar-Gypsy 1853.

Arnulf. c850-99. Last Carolingian Holy Roman Emperor. Defeated Normans. Captured Rome.

Árpád. 840-907. Led Magyars into Hungary. Dynasty ruled to 1301.

Arriaga, Manuel. 1842-1917. First President of Portugal.

Art Deco. 1920-39. Elegant Parisian decorative style. Erte. Lalique. Chanel.

Artemis. Greek goddess of hunting. =Roman Diana.

Artemisia. -c350BC. Queen of Halicarnass, wife of Mausolus. Built Mausoleum.

Arthur I. 1187-1203. Duke of Brittany. Claimant to English throne. Defeated by John I.

Aryans. 2000BC. Nomads from Steppes spread to India. Founded Indus Civilization, 3240-2750BC. Hyksos Empire in Syria, 1720-1550BC. Introduced horse chariots. Basis for all Indo-European languages.

Asceticism. Self denial of sensual and material pleasures. Advocated by many religious sects.

Ascham, Roger. 1515-68. English humanist, author.

Asclepius. Greek god of healing. Killed by Zeus to prevent immortality of man. Son of Apollo.

Asculum, Battle. 279BC. “Pyrrhic” victory of Pyrrhus over Romans.

Ask. First man in Norse mythology. Embla.

Aske, Robert. -1537. Led Pilgrimage of Grace against Henrician Reformation.

Asoka. 269-232BC. Indian Maurya Emperor. Buddhist convert, missionary.

Assad, Hafiz al-. 1928-2000. Syrian President 1971-. Supports Qadaffi, PLO. Anti-Israel.

Assaye, Battle. 1803. British win in 2nd Maratha War.

Aston, Francis. 1877-1945. English physicist. Mass spectrograph.

Astor, John. 1763-1848. German/US fur magnate.

Astor, Nancy. 1879-1964. First woman to sit in British House of Commons, 1919-45.

Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal). 1881-1938. Turkish founder, first president, 1923. 1919-22 drove Greeks out. Major reforms to modernize Turkey.

Athens. 3000BC. 6C BC growth. 5C decline. 4C Macedonia (aut). 27 BC Rome. 1458 Ottoman. 1834 Greek capital.

Atlantic, Battle. 1939-45. Unsuccessful German attempt to blockade Britain, WWII.

Atom Bomb. 1945 US. 1949 USSR. 1952 Britain. 1960 France. 1964 China. 1974 India. 1989 South Africa (dismantled). 1998 Pakistan. ? Israel. 1990s Argentina, Brazil. Soon: Iraq, Iran, North Korea. H-Bomb. Neutron Bomb.

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