Ho Hsien-ku. Only female of Eight Immortals of Taoism.

Hobbes, Thomas. 1588-1679. English Materialist Determinist philosopher. Nominalist. Royalist. Good is that which brings pleasure; evil, pain. Mind is the result of physical activity in the brain. Elements of Law 1640. Leviathan 1651.

Hoffmann, August. 1798-1874. German poet. Deutschland über alles 1841.

Hofmann. Synthetic rubber, 1909.

Hofmann, Hans. 1880-1966. German/US improvising painter. Influenced Abstract Expressionism.

Hofmannsthal, Hugo von. 1874-1929. Austrian poet, librettist. Elektra 1903.

Hogarth, William. 1697-1764. English satirical mural painter. Founded Royal Academy 1739. Rake’s Progress 1732. Marriage à la Mode 1744. Pantheon 1764.

Hohenlinden, Battle. 1800. French defeat Austria. Last major battle of War of 2nd Coalition.

Hohenstaufen. German dynasty. Ruled Holy Roman Empire 1138-1254. Welfs.

Hohenzollern. German family which ruled Prussia 1415-1918, united Germany 1871-1918. Kings of Romania 1866-1947.

Holbach, Paul, Baron d’. 1723-89. French Materialist philosopher and Encyclopaedist.

Holbein, Hans, the Elder. 1465-1524. German painter. Altar pieces. Rich color, balance.

Holbein, Hans, the Younger. 1497-1543. German/English Realist portrait painter. St. Mary 1525. Danse Macabre 1526. Henry VIII 1540.

Hölderlin, Friedrich. 1770-1843. German classic Romantic poet. Elegies 1800.

Hollerith, Herman. 1860-1929. US founder of IBM. Punched cards for tabulation 1890.

Holy Leagues. 1495 Repelled French invasion of Italy. 1511 Forced France from Italy. 1520 Spanish cities vs HRE. 1526 Failed to force HRE from Italy. 1538 Opposed Schmalkaldic League. 1571 vs Turks. 1576 Opposed Protestantism in France. 1609 vs Protestant Union. 1684 vs Ottomans.

Holy Roman Empire. 962-1806. Germanic Empire with elected king. Successor to Western Roman Empire. Geographically: Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, Austria; most of Italy, Bohemia; part of France. Hapsburg. Austrian Empire.

Homo Sapiens. 350,000BC. Neanderthal.

Honduras.<6000BC Inhabited. 4C Mayan. 1502 Columbus discovers. 1524 Spanish settle. 16C Slaves brought. 1821 Mexican Empire. 1823 CAF. 1838 Republic. >100 coups.

Honecker, Erich. 1912-94. East German President 1971-89.

Honorius Flavius. 384-423. Roman Emperor of the West 393-. Rome sacked by Visigoths 410.

Hope, Thomas. 1769-1831. English Regency furniture designer and author.

Hopkins, Gerald Manley. 1844-89. English poet.

Hopper, Grace. 1906-92. US Admiral. Pioneer computer programmer 1944. “Debugged” Mark I by removing moth.

Horace. 65-8BC. Roman poet: Odes, Satires.

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