Goncalves Dias, Antonio. 1823-64. Romantic “National” poet of Brazil.

Goncourt, Edmond. 1822-96. French novelist. Renée Mauperin. Created Goncourt literature prize.

Good Emperors. 96-169. Romans, Nerva to Verus.

Goodman, Benny. 1909-86. US clarinetist/ bandleader. “King of Swing”.

Gorbachev, Mikhail. 1931-. Leader of USSR 1985-91. Major reforms. Glasnost. Perestroika.

Gorboduc. Legendary English king. Sackville.

Gordon Riots. 1780. NoPopery Riots led by Lord Gordon to demand Catholic Relief Act repeal.

Gorgias. c400BC. Sophist. “Making the losing cause the winning one.”

Gorky, Maxim. 1868-1936. Russian writer. Childhood 1913-14.

Gothic Architecture. 12-15C. Began with French cathedrals and spread over N Europe. Pointed arches, rib vaulting, flying buttresses. Stability achieved with balance rather than mass. Airy lightness. St. Denis 1140. Notre Dame Cathedral. Tudor.

Gothic Art. 13C-. Church sculpture, illuminated manuscripts. Less idealized than Classical. Emotions portrayed.

Goths. Germanic people of S Scandinavia. Invaded Europe, 3-4C. Visigoths and Ostrogoths.

Gottfried von Strassbourg. 13C. German poet. Tristan and Isolde.

Gower, John. -1408. English poet. Confessio Amantis 1393. Vox Clamantis 1384.

Goya, Francisco. 1746-1828. Spanish painter and engraver of macabre. Horrors of War 1811.

Gracchus, Tiberius. c163-133BC. Roman tribune 133, reformer. Killed in riot. Scipio.

Gräfe, Albrecht. 1828-70. German ophthalmologist. Glaucoma, 1857. Cataract treatment, 1867.

Gran Colombia. 1819-30. Bolivar’s independent republic of former Spanish colonies. Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador. New Granada.

Grand Alliance, War of. 1689-97. Spain, Sweden, England, Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands vs French expansionism. Negotiated Peace. King William’s War. Namur. Augsburg League.

Grande Armée. 1805-12. Napoleon’s 1,000,000 man army; combined smaller armies for central control.

Grands Rhétoriqueurs. 15-16C. French poets. Deschamps, DeMachaut.

Grant, Ulysses S. 1822-85. Commander-in-Chief Union army 1864-5 in US Civil War. President 1869-77.

Grass, Günter. 1927-. German writer. Tin Drum 1959.

Gray, Thomas. 1716-71. English poet. Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 1751.

Greece. c3000BC Minoan(Crete). c1500BC Achaean. 11C Aeolian, Ionian. c1100 Dorian. 683 Athens monarchy. 404 Sparta. 371 Thebes. 338 Macedonia...Alexander. 197BC Rome...Byzantine. 1453 AD Ottoman. 1829 Independent kingdom. 1912 +Crete. 1924 Republic. 1935 Constitutional Monarchy. 1973 Republic. 1981 EEC. 1994 EU.

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