Atheism. Positive disbelief in the existence of God.

Augustine, St. 354-430. Author of Confessions, City of God. Bishop of Hippo. “God is omnipotent.” Introduced Neoplatonic Determinism to Christianity. Church should rule state.

Austen, Jane. 1775-1817. English novelist: Sense and Sensibility, 1811, Pride and Prejudice, 1813. “the exquisite touch which renders the commonplace interesting”-W. Scott. Emma 1816.

Auto-da-fé. (Act of Faith). 1481-1850. Sentencing ceremony of Inquisition.

Ba’al Shem-Tov. 1700-60. Polish founder of Hasidism. Holiness of ordinary existence.

Bailly, Jean. 1736-93. French astronomer. Paris mayor, 1789-91. Led Tennis Court Oath. Guillotined.

Balkan Entente. 1934-9. Greece, Turkey, Romania, Yugoslavia mutual defence pact.

Balkan League. 1912-13. Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro. Balkan Wars.

Balkans. Inhabited c6000BC. 6C BC Illyria. 148BC Rome(Illyricum)(N). 285 Byzantine(E). 4-7C Goths, Avars, Huns, Ostrogoths, Lombards, Slavs, Bulgars, Serbs invade. 890 Bulgar Empire. 1159 Serbian empire. 1389 Ottoman. 1699 Austria(E,N)/Venice(S,W). 19C Eastern Question. Albania. Bosnia-Herzegovina. Bulgaria. Croatia. Greece. Macedonia. Montenegro. Romania. Serbia. Slovenia. Yugoslavia.

Baltic Entente. 1923-39. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania agreement for mutual defence vs Germany and Russia.

Battenberg. Family name anglicized to Mountbatten.

Beauvoir, Simone de. 1908-86. French Existentialist writer. The Second Sex 1949.

Bekhtrev, Vladmir. 1857-1927. Extended Pavlov’s Conditioned Response theory. Objective Psychology, 1910.

Benedict XIV. 1675-1758. Pope 1740-. Promoted arts, learning during Enlightenment.

Beneš, Eduard. 1884-1948. Czech Nationalist, President, 1935-8,46-. Little Entente.

Benten. Japanese god of reasoning. Patron of literature, music, femininity.

Birdseye, Clarence. 1886-1956. US inventor of frozen foods. Founded General Foods, 1924. 300+ patents.

Black, Joseph. 1728-99. French/Scottish chemist. Latent heat 1757. CO2.

Bonaparte, Napoleon. Napoleon I.

Breitenfeld, Battles. 1631,42. Swedish victories over Catholic League in 30 Years War. Sweden a great power.

Brezhnev, Leonid. 1906-82. Soviet First Secretary 1964-. Detente. Brezhnev Doctrine.

Britten, Benjamin. 1913-76. Influential English composer of operas and symphonies. Paul Bunyan 1941. Billy Budd 1951. War Requiem 1962. Death in Venice 1973.

Bronte, Emily. 1818-48. English Romantic novelist of passionate intensity: Wuthering Heights 1847.

Bull, John. 1562-1628. English early keyboard composer. Often credited with God Save the Queen.

Burschenschaften. 1815-19. Militant student societies seeking united Germany.

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