Realism. General concepts have an existence independent of material things or names. Plato. St Anselm.

Recusants. 16-17C. Refused to attend Anglican church.

Reed, John. 1887-1920. US communist writer. Ten Days that Shook the World 1919.

Renart, le Roman de. Group of French adventure romances written in the 12-13C.

Revisionism. Criticism of tenets of Marxism by Bernstein, Tito.

Romantic Movement. Reaction vs Enlightenment, French cultural domination. Native themes, individuality, subjectivity, self-expression.

Romany. Indo-European language of Gypsies. No written form.

Rotten Boroughs. -1832. British rural constituencies with few voters due to urban migration. Reform Bill.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Salten, Felix. 1869-1945. Austrian writer. Bambi 1923.

San Stefano, Treaty. 1878. Ended Russo-Turkish War. Independence for Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria. Congress of Berlin.

Sartre, Jean-Paul. 1905-80. French existentialist philosopher: L’Etre et le Néant 1943. Social responsibility of freedom. (refused).

Saxony. 843 «East Frankish Kingdom. 919-1024 Ruled HRE. 1180 Divided. 1697 Elector (King) of Poland. 1785 Fürstenbund. 1806 Napoleon creates Kingdom. 1815 Half to Prussia. 1815 German Confederation. 1835 Zollverein. 1867 North German Confederation. 1871 German Empire. 1918 Abolished monarchy. 1920 Republic. 1933 Germany.

Schiaparelli, Giovanni. 1835-1910. Italian ’discoverer’ of non-existent canals on Mars.

Scopes Trial. 1925. Scopes found guilty of teaching evolution in Tennessee high school. Bryan. Darrow.

Sebastian, St. -288. Martyr. Survived arrows...beaten to death.

Ségurane, Catherine. Saved Nice by frightening away invading Turks, 1543.

Senegal. Wolof, Fulani, Serer, Tukulor. 1406 Bettencourt explored. 15C Portugal. 1626 French settle. 1895 French colony. 1959 +Sudanese Republic=Mali Federation. 1960 -Mali=Independent republic.

Serbia. 7C Serbs. 890 Bulgar Empire. 1159 Nemanya unites. 1389 Ottoman. 1830 Autonomous Russian protectorate. 1878 Independent. 1882 Kingdom. 1913 +N Macedonia. 1918 Yugoslavia. 1946 People’s Republic of Yuguslavia. 1992 +Montenegro =Yugoslavia. Kosovo.

Seven Gods of Luck. Japanese. 16C-. Bishamon, Daikoku, Ebisu, Fukurokuju, Hotei, Jurojin, Benten.

Shostakovich, Dmitri. 1906-75. Russian. Composed complex profound intense personal works. Rebuked by Stalin. Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk 1934.

Simnel, Lambert. c1475-1535 Pretender to English throne 1487.

Sprengtporten, G.M. 1740-1819. Finnish colonel. Finland to join Russian Empire.

Steen, Jan. 1626-79. Dutch painter. Humourous, everyday scenes. Christening Feast 1664.

Stendhal. 1783-1842. French historical novelist of psychological insight. le Rouge et le Noir 1830.

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