Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr. 1918-2008. Russian novelist. Expelled 1974. Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich 1962. Gulag Archipelago 1973.

Southampton. 4th earl. 1606-67. Royalist adviser, treasurer 1660-7.

Soviet. Basic governing body of USSR. Legislative +executive functions from local to national.

Soviet Union. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Spinoza, Baruch. 1632-77. Dutch Rationalist philosopher. Criticized scriptures. Excommunicated by Jews. God and nature are one. Determinist. Pantheist. God and Nature 1659. Ethics 1665.

Spiritualists, Greater World. 1931. Christian sect communicating with the dead.

Stalin, Joseph. 1879-1953. Soviet bloodthirsty revolutionary. Leader 1924-. 5 Year Plans modernized Russia. 1928 Collectivization. 1932- Dictator. 1936-8 Purge. Turned Marxism to Nationalism and Imperialism. World Socialist Revolution under USSR. 1952 abolished Politburo.

Stendhal. 1783-1842. French historical novelist of psychological insight. le Rouge et le Noir 1830.

Stepniak, S. 1852-95. Russian Nihilist writer. Assassinated czar’s police chief. -“Life for life”.

Sterne, Laurence. 1713-68. English humourist novelist. Tristram Shandy 1759-67. Sentimental Journey 1768.

Stevenson, Robert Louis. 1850-94. Scottish adventure novelist. Treasure Island 1882. Jekyll and Hyde 1886. Kidnapped 1886.

Stoker, Bram. 1847-1912. Irish novelist. Dracula 1897.

Storm, Theodor. 1817-88. German Realist writer. Rider of the White Horse 1838. Pole Poppenspäler 1874.

Sukarno. 1901-70. Indonesian nationalist leader, president 1949-67. Sought communist ties. Authoritative ‘guided democracy’.

Sumerian Art. Realistic sculpture.

Svevo, Italo. 1861-1928. Italian psychological novelist. Confessions of Zeno 1923.

Symbolists. 19C French literary movement expressing truth subjectively by symbols. Spread to art, music. Verlaine. Mallarmé. Munch.

Symons, Arthur. 1865-1945. British Symbolist poet.

Syndicalism. 1900-39. Union movement vs capitalistic order by direct action, general strikes. Sorel. IWW.

Taiping Rebellion. 1850-64. Hung Hsiu-ch’üan and Taiping socialist rebels capture Nanking 1853. Defeated by Gordon. Weakened Manchu dynasty.

Thackeray, William. 1811-1863. English novelist. Vanity Fair 1849. Sentimental and cynical moralist.

Tolkien, JRR. 1892-1973. English philologist, fantasy novelist. Lord of the Rings 1954.

Tolstoy, Lev. 1828-1910. Russian historical novelist. Moralist. Occupied with social reforms; freed his serfs. Founded Christian anarchist religion. War and Peace 1863-9. Anna Karenina 1875-7.

Tone, Wolfe. 1763-98. Irish nationalist leader, rebel. Led French force to Ireland 1798. Suicide. United Irishmen.

Torricelli, Evangelista. 1608-47. Italian physicist. mercury barometer, vacuum 1643.

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