Helvétius, Claude-Adrien. 1715-71. French Materialist philosopher. All actions based on self-interest. De l’ésprit 1758.

Hemingway, Ernest. 1898-1961. US novelist: Fairwell to Arms 1929. For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940. Old Man and the Sea 1952. Style:“A stream with stones of nouns and a surface of prepositional ripples” -L. Morrow.

Herder, Johann von. 1744-1803. German Sturm and Drang Nationalist writer. Stimulated Romanticism.

Hobbes, Thomas. 1588-1679. English Materialist Determinist philosopher. Nominalist. Royalist. Good is that which brings pleasure; evil, pain. Mind is the result of physical activity in the brain. Elements of Law 1640. Leviathan 1651.

Hodler, Ferdinand. 1853-1918. Swiss Symbolist artist. The Night 1890.

Holbach, Paul, Baron d’. 1723-89. French Materialist philosopher and Encyclopaedist.

Holbein, Hans, the Younger. 1497-1543. German/English Realist portrait painter. St. Mary 1525. Danse Macabre 1526. Henry VIII 1540.

Homer, Winslow. 1836-1910. US Realist seascape painter.

Hopper, Edward. 1882-1967. US realist painter. Nighthawks 1942.

Humboldt, Alexander von. 1769-1859. German naturalist, ecologist.

Huxley, Aldous. 1894-1963. English philosophical novelist: Brave New World 1932.

Idealism, Ethical. Moral and intellectual ideals are superior to materialistic concerns.

Illuminati. 16-18C. Term applied to rationalistic anticlerical Christian sects.

Index Expurgatorius. 1601- Vatican list of books to be expurgated.

Index Librorum Prohibitorium. 1564-1966. Vatican list of prohibited reading.

International. Socialist revolutionary workers movements. First. 1864-76. Founded by Marx in London. Second. 1889-1914. Paris. IFTU. Revived in 1920s. Third. 1919-43. =COMINTERN. Stalin’s Vehicle for world-wide Communist Revolution. Fourth. 1938-53. Trotsky’s Transitional Program for reform.

Isabella II. 1830-1904. Queen of Spain 1833-68. Deposed by Carlists. Salic Law.

Isherwood, Christopher. 1904-86. English novelist/playwright. Goodbye to Berlin 1939.

James, Henry. 1843-1916. US psychological novelist. American 1877. Washington Square 1881. Turn of the Screw 1898. Compared innocence of New World with corruption of Old.-“It takes a great deal of history to produce a little literature”.

Jaurès, Jean. 1859-1914. French socialist leader. L’Armée nouvelle 1910.

Jeffersonian Republicans. 1790-. US First opposition party. Advocated limited government vs Federalists.

Jerome, Jerome K. 1859-1927. English novelist: Three Men in a Boat.

Joad, CEM. 1891-1953. British pacifist agnostic Rationalist philosopher. Vitalism. Guide to Philosophy 1936.

John, St. The Evangelist. -c100. Apostle of Christ. Wrote 4th Gospel, Revelations.

Johnson, Pauline. 1861-1913. Canadian Nationalist métis poet. The song my paddle sings.

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