Napoleon II. 1811-32. ’King’ of Rome 1811-14. Son of Napoleon and Marie Louise.

Napoleon III. 1808-73. President of French Republic 1848-52. Emperor by coup d’etat 1852-70. Defeated by Bismarck, exiled.

Napoleonic Code. 1804-. French laws standardized. Personal liberty, equality, justice, divorce, marriage, property rights. Still in use.

Napoleonic Wars. 1803-15. France conquers most of Europe until Waterloo. Paris Treaty. Wars of Coalition.

Nebuchadnezzar II. c638-562BC. King of Babylon. 586 Destroyed Jerusalem and Temple. Babylonian Captivity. Built Hanging Gardens.

Ney, Michel. 1769-1815. Marshal under Napoleon. Shot after second Restoration. “Bravest of the brave”-Napoleon.

Nostradamus. 1503-66. French astrologer. Prophesied Napoleon and Hitler.

Octavia. -11BC. Octavian’s sister. Antony’s wife 40-30BC before Cleopatra.

O’Donnell, Leopoldo. 1809-67. Spanish general with Isabella II vs Carlists.

Orsini Affair. 1858. Unsuccessful plot on Napoleon III led to his interest in Italian unity.

Pale. Region of a country subject to separate laws or government. 1171-16C part of Ireland subject to English rule. Pale of Settlement 1792-1917, Jews in Russia.

Paleolithic. 2.5M-10,000BC. Old Stone Age.

Paleologus. Byzantine dynasty 1259-1453. Ousted crusader kings. Defeated by Turks.

Paris, Treaties. 1229 Ends Albigensian Crusade. Louis gains Toulouse. 1327. England loses territory to France. 1763 Ends Seven Years War. Britain gets French holdings in Canada. Spain gets American territory. 1783 Ends American Revolution. US borders fixed. 1814 Ends Napoleonic Wars, restoring 1792 borders. Napoleon exiled to Elba. 1815 Ends Hundred Days. 1790 borders, reparations. Napoleon to St. Helena. 1856 Ends Crimean War. Black Sea neutral. Regulated Laws of High Seas. 1898 Ends Spanish American War. Spain cedes Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico to US. 1947. Settled European borders after WWII.

Parthenopean Republic. 1799 Created by Napoleon at Naples. 1802 Nelson restores Bourbons 1806.

Peipus, Battle of Lake. 1242. Russians repel Livonian Knights’ attack on Novgorod.

Pitt, William, the Younger. 1759-1806. English foe of Napoleon. Tory Prime Minister 1783~. Laissez-faire. Repressive measures 1793-1800.

Pius VII. 1742-1823. Pope 1800-. Excommunicated Napoleon after French annexed Papal States. Imprisoned 1809-14.

Plombières Agreement. 1858. Napoleon III agrees to support Cavour (Piedmont) vs Austria in return for Savoy and Nice.

Ponce de León, Juan. 1460-1521. Spanish discoverer of Florida 1513. Sought fountain of youth.

Portugal. Iberians, Celts. 5-4C BC Greek colony. c225BC Carthage(S). 2C BC Rome. 411 Suevi. 5C Visigoth. 711 Moor. 868 Christian(N). c1060 León. 1143 Independent kingdom. 1250 Moors expelled. 1500 +Brazil. 1580 Spain. 1640 Independent. 1820 Constitutional Monarchy. 1822 -Brazil. 1910 Republic. 1932 Salazar dictator. 1976 Democracy.

Pressburg, Treaty. 1805. Austria loses in Napoleonic Wars. Cedes land to France.

Prud’hommes, Councils. Medieval French trade tribunals revived by Napoleon.

Ptolemy XIV. c59-44BC. Last Macedonian king of Egypt 47-. Brother, co-ruler with Cleopatra.

Ptolemy XV. Caesarion. 47-30BC. Egyptian king 44-. Son of Caesar and Cleopatra. Killed by Octavian.

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