Albania. Balkans. 3-5C Visigoth, Huns invade. 6-7C Bulgars, Serbs, Slavs invade.12-15C Bulgar, Norman, Angevin, Serb, Venice contest.15C Ottoman. 1912 Independent republic. 1928 Monarchy (Zog). 1939 Italy occupies. 1945 Communist (Hoxha). 1961 Left Warsaw Pact. 1991 Democratic Constitution.

Albee, Edward. 1928-. US playwright. Pulitzer-Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 1962.

Alcibiades. c450-404BC. Athenian egoist general, Peloponnesian War. Murdered.

Alexander II. 1818-81. Russian Czar 1855-. Emancipated serfs, 1861. Established elected assemblies, Zemstvo, settled Crimean War. Assassinated by Narodniki.

Alexis. 1629-76. Russian czar 1645-. Recognized serfdom. Northern War. Peasant Revolt 1667-71.

Algerian Revolutionary War. 1954-62. Plebiscite granted independence from France, 1962.

Algerian War. 1831-46. France conquers Algeria.

Alma, Battle. 1854 Crimean War. French and British defeat Russians at Sebastapol.

Altmark Truce. 1629-35. Polish-Swedish wars of succession.

Altranstadt, Peace. 1706 Sweden-Poland: Augustus renounces Polish throne. 1707 Sweden-HRE: HRE buys Swedish neutrality in War of Spanish Succession. 1714 Louis XIV-Charles VI.

Amazons. Mythical women warriors. Fought Greeks at Troy.

Amiens, Mise of. 1264. Louis IX arbitrated annulment of Provisions of Oxford. Barons War.

Amiens, Treaty. 1527. Henry VIII, Francis I ally vs Charles V. 1802. England, France, Spain, Holland end French Revolutionary Wars. Britain cedes captured territory, gains Ceylon, Trinidad.

Anabaptists. 1520- Christian sect. Adult baptism. No clergy. Salvation via faith. Millenialist. Hutterites, Mennonites, Quakers. Peasants War.

Andrusov, Treaty. 1667. Ended Russo-Polish War. Divided Ukraine.

Anglo-Afghan Wars. 1839-42. 1878-80. 1919. British limit Russian influence, maintain buffer to India.

Anglo-American War. 1812-14. US, angry at British blockade of France, and Tippecanoe interference, invades Canada. Toronto and White House burned. US defeated. Ghent Treaty.

Anglo-Dutch Wars. 17-18C. Established England’s naval power, ended Dutch world power.

Anjala League. 1788-89. Swedish, Finnish officers conspire vs Gustav III to end Russo-Swedish War.

Antarctica. 1773 Cook explores seas. 1820 first sighted. Bransfield. 1821 first landing-Davis. 1911 Amundsen first to S Pole.

Appleton, Edward. 1892-1965. English physicist: Appleton ionospheric layer.

Arab-Israeli Wars. 1948-9. Palestinians flee to Arab countries. 1956. Israel captures Sinai, UN takes over. 1967. Six Day War. Israel defeats Egypt, Syria, Jordan, gains Jerusalem, Sinai, Golan,... 1973. Egypt, Syria attack = October War.

Araucanian Wars. 1530-1870. Chile, Argentina. Natives forced onto reservations.

Archidamian War. 431-421BC. Peloponnesian War.

Ares. Greek god of war, Roman =Mars.

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