Reforma. 1854-76. Mexican civil war. Ouster of Santa Anna. Reduced power of army, church. Tejada Law. Juárez.

Republic, Second Spanish. 1931-9. President Zamora, Azaña. Spanish Civil War.

Roebling, John. 1806-69. US civil enginerer. First steel cable suspension bridges. Began Brooklyn Bridge.

Rosenberg, Julius, Ethel. 1918,1916-53. First US civilians executed for spying for Soviet Union.

Roundhead. Derisory term applied to Parliamentarians during English Civil War.

Rupert, Prince. 1619-82. Royalist commander in English Civil War. First President of Hudson’s Bay Co.

Russian Civil War. 1918-22. Trotsky’s Red Army defeat White counter-revolutionaries. Baltic liberated.

Sanctuary, Right of. Established 4C Rome. England until 1623 (criminal), 18C (civil). Europe until 1789. Asylum in church for 1 month.

Sarmiento, Domingo. 1811-88. First civilian Argentine president. 1868-74.

Saturn. Roman god of agriculture and civilization. = Cronus. Saturnalia festival influenced Christmas.

Savigny, Friedrich von. 1779-1861. German jurist, historian of Roman and medieval law. Modern system of civil law.

Shenandoah. Site of American Civil War battles 1861-5.

Sherman, William. 1820-91. American Civil War general. -“War is hell”.

Shiloh, Battle. 1862. Second American Civil War battle. No clear victor.

Sonderbund. 1845-7. League of Catholic Swiss cantons defeated in civil war.

Spain. c3000BC Iberians. c11C BC Phoenicians. c10C Celts. 6C Basques. c5C Carthage. 3C BC Rome. 5C Vandals, Visigoths. 711 Moslems. 801 Charlemagne. 10C independent kingdoms of Castile, León, Aragon, Navarre. 1031-1492 Reconquista. 1143 Portugal independent. 1479 Aragon, Castile unite. 1492 Moors final defeat. 1512 + Navarre =Spain. 1808 Napoleon. 1898 -Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico. Spanish American War. 1931 Republic. 1936 Civil War. 1939 Franco. 1975 Parliamentary Monarchy. ETA. New Spain.

Spanish Civil War. 1936-9. Germany and Italy aid Fascist Franco’s revolt against the Republic, which surrenders after 1M die. International Brigades. A cause of WWII. Guernica.

Sulla, Lucius. 138-78BC. Roman consul 88-79. Dictator 82-79. Civil war with Marius. Murdered thousands of opponents. Conquered Athens. Constitutional reforms.

Sumerians. c6000-2000BC Civilization in Tigris-Euphrates valley. First writing system. First legal code. Akkad. Ur.

Sumter, Fort. 1861. Confederate attack. First aggression of American Civil War.

Thoreau, Henry. 1817-62. US naturist, anarchist essayist: Civil Disobedience 1848. Walden 1854.

Tigris-Euphrates. SW Asian river system. Assyrian, Chaldean civilizations.

Toynbee, Arnold J. 1889-75. English historian on the cyclicality of civilizations. Study of History 1934-61.

Trent Affair. 1861. US sieze British mail ship in Civil War, remove two Confederate commissioners.

Tribonian. -545 Byzantine. Compiled Corpus Juris Civilis law code 529.

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