Swabian League, Great. 1488-1534. 22 cities, nobles and local leagues in southern Germany form protective alliance.

Tallin. 1219 Danish fortress in Estonia. 1285 Hanseatic League. 1346 Teutonic Knights. 1561 Sweden. 1710 Russia. 1918 Estonia.

Tariff Reform League. 1903-6. Chamberlain presses for Imperial Preference.

Temperance Movement. 1808 Begun in NY by women and churches. 1874 WCTU. 1890 Carry Nation. 1893 Anti-Saloon League. Prohibition.

Thebes. 1500-335BC Boeotian Greek city razed by Alexander the Great. Oedipus.

Three Emperors’ League. 1873-75, 1881-87. Secret Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia. For mutual peace and to isolate France.

Tilly, Graf von. 1559-1632. Flemish commander of Catholic League in Thirty Years War.

Uxmal. c600. Mayan city. Abandoned 1450. Mayapan.

Valdemar IV. Atterdag. 1320-75. Danish king 1340-. Re-united Denmark. Opposed Hanseatic League. Sold Estonia to Teutonic Knights.

Verne, Jules. 1828-1905. French Science Fiction fantasy writer. Voyage to the Centre of the Earth 864. 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea 1870. Round the World in 80 Days 1873.

Verona. Raeti. Etruscans. Gauls. 89BC Rome. 489 Ostrogoth. 774 Charlemagne. 1107 Republic. 1164 Veronese League...Lombard League. 1387 Milan. 1405 Venice. 1797 Austria. 1866 Italy.

Vervins, Treaty. 1598. Spain withdraws support of French Catholic League. Ends Franco-Spanish War. Spanish acquisitions returned to France.

White Mountain, Battle. 1620. First battle of Thirty Years War. Catholic League defeats Bohemian nobles.

Antarctic Treaty. 1959. 12 nations agree for 30 years of demilitarized, nuclear free scientific study.

Atlantic Charter. 1941. British-US declaration of 8 principles of peace and security. Endorsed by >25 nations.

Berlin Conference. 1884. Bismarck called 15 nations to resolve African issues. Congo granted independence. Slavery suppressed.

Biruni, al-. 973-1048. Arab scholar. Chronology of Ancient Nations.

Chinese Examination System. 124BC-1905. Civil service exams testing knowledge of Confucius.

Declaration of the 26 Nations. 1942. Washington. First reference to United Nations. Agreement to no separate truce with Axis.

Disarmament Conference. 1932-4. 60 Nations fail to agree due to Hitler’s rise in Germany.

Four Nations, College of. 1661-1793. Paris, Established by Mazarin bequest...Institute of France.

GATT. General Agreement on Trade and Tarrifs. 1948-95. Regulates trade tarrifs under UN. WTO.

Genoa, Conference. 1922. European and Commonwealth nations can’t agree on methods to rebuild Russia. France insists on loan repayment.

Institute of France. 226 members. Comprises Académie Française, 1635; Inscriptions and Belle Lettres, 1663; Science, 1666; Fine Arts 1795; Political Science, 1832. Four Nations.

International Court of Justice. 1945-. UN appointed body to settle International disputes. World Court.

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