Müntzer, Thomas. 1488-1525. Anabaptist founder 1520. Supremacy of inner light vs scripture. Peasant Revolt 1524. Executed.

Naseby, Battle. 1645. English Civil War. Fairfax and Cromwell defeat Royalists.

Nashe, Thomas. 1567-1601. English anti-Puritan satirist, imprisoned on Isle of Dogs with Jonson.

Nationalization. Siezing of private enterprises by government with or without compensation. 1946-9 England: Banks, Railways, Mines, Steel, Electricity, Gas. 1946-9 France: Coal, Electricity, Gas, Transport. 1918 Russia: Banks, Insurance, Industry. 1951 Iran: Oil.

Nemirovich-Danchenko, Vladimir. 1858-1943. Russian author/director. Founded Moscow Art Theater with Stanislavsky.

New Thought. 19-20C. US philosophy. Idealism, mind healing.

Newcomen, Thomas. 1663-1729. First steam engine, 1706, as mine pump. Basis of Watt’s.

Nicholas I. 1796-1855. Czar 1825-. Autocratic. Russification of Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Baltic. Established Third Section. Policy of autocracy, orthodoxy, Nationalism.

Nominalism. Philosophy. Abstractions do not exist. Things are their names. Vs Realists. Aristotle. Roscelin. Hobbes.

Nonconformists. Those who do not subscribe to a state religion. Act of Uniformity.

Oates, Titus. 1649-1705. English Anglican priest. Invented Popish Plot. 35 Catholics executed.

Occam, William. c1280-1349. English Franciscan Nominalist philosopher. “Science is about things, philosophy about terms and concepts”. Occam’s razor: “It is vain to do with more, what can be done with fewer” (Science or Logic). Incompatibility of knowledge and faith, 1332. Opposed Aquinas Aristotelian realism. “Universal ideas exist only in the mind”. Influenced Reformation.

O’Connell, Daniel. 1775-1847. Irish leader. Founded Catholic Association, 1823. Election to Parliament led to Catholic Emancipation Act, 1829.

Oglethorpe, James. 1696-1785. English. Penal reform. Founded Georgia 1733 as haven for bankrupts.

Old Catholics. 1870. Catholic sect vs papal infallibility. Joined Church of England 1931.

Oriental Canon Law. 880. Ecclesiastical laws of Eastern Christian churches.

Orthodox Church, Eastern. 1054-. Autonomous Christian churches of Middle East, Eastern Europe, Russia using Byzantine rite. East-West Schism.

Pacification of Ghent. 1576. Catholic, Protestant truce in Netherlands to revolt vs Spanish occupiers.

Paine, Thomas. 1737-1809. English/US/French political writer for democracy. Common Sense 1776, Rights of Man 1791, Age of Reason 1794.

Palestine Liberation Organization. PLO. 1964. To reclaim land from Israel. 1988 Proclaimed Palestinian State. 1993 Israel-PLO Accord, mutual recognition. Palestinian Authority. Arafat. Terrorism. Munich Olympics.

PalestinianAuthority. 1996-. Government of Jerusalem West Bank and Gaza Strip. Arafat. PLO.

Peacock, Thomas. 1785-1866. English witty satirical novelist: Nightmare Abbey.

Peasants’ War. 1524-6. Geneva Anabaptist peasants crushed by nobles and clergy. Muntzer.

Penal Laws. 16C-1829. English persecution of Catholics.

Percy, Thomas. 1528-72. Failed attempt 1569 to rescue Mary Stuart, replace Elizabeth.

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