Gabriel. Archangel. God’s messenger. Made Annunciation to Mary, and revealed Koran to Muhammad.

Gabriel, Jacques-Ange. 1698-1782. French Architect: École Militaire 1752. Champ-de-Mars. Place de la Concorde 1755. Petit Trianon 1762.

Gag Rules. 1836-44. Prevented discussion of anti-slavery bills in US Congress.

Galapagos. 1535 Berlanga discovers for Spain. 1832 Ecuador. 1835 Darwin visits.

Galen. 129-c200. Greek doctor. Methods used 1000 years.

Galerius. -311. Roman Emperor of the East, 305-. Persecuted Christians. Edict of Tolerance, 311.

Galicia. Gallaecci. c137BC Rome. 411 Suevi. 585 Visigoth. 1072 León.

Galicia. 6C Lechs/Ruthenians settle. 10C Russian. 1087 Independent prin. 1241 Mongol. 1349 Pol. 1772 Austrian. 1918 Pol. 1939 USSR(E).

Galilee. N Israel. (Ancient N Palestine). Jesus’ homeland. Absorbed in Arab-Israeli War, 1949.

Galileo Galilei. 1564-1642. Italian physicist. Planetary motion. Thermometer 1592. Acceleration of falling bodies 1604. Astronomical telescope 1609. Sunspots 1610. Arrested for heliocentricity, 1632. Rehabilitated by Vatican 1992. Copernicus.

Galle, Johann. 1812-1910. German. Discovered Neptune 1846.

Gallipoli. 1915-16. Unsuccessful Allied attempt to secure Dardanelles from Turkey. Churchill resigns as Lord of Admiralty.

Galloway, Joseph. c1731-1803 British loyalist leader in American Revolution. Peaceful settlement proposal defeated.

Galt, Alexander. 1817-93. British/Canadian statesman, father of Canadian Confederation.

Galvani, Luigi. 1737-98. Italian physiologist. Electrical stimulation of frog’s legs 1780.

Gambetta, Léon. 1838-82. French Third Republic leader.

Gambia, The. 1455 Portugal discovers. 1588 British settle. 17-18C French, British dispute. 1843 British Crown Colony. 1965 Independent. 1970 Republic.

Gambrinus. Legendary Flemish king, beer inventor.

Gandhi, Mohandas. 1869-1948. Indian patriot and non-violent philosopher. Home Rule. Opposed Partition. Assassinated.

Gang of Four. Chinese leaders, including Mao’s widow, convicted 1980 of Cultural Revolution abuses.

Garcia Iñiguez, Calixto. 1836-98. Cuban leader. Ten Years War. Spanish-American War.

Gargantua. Hungry giant of Rabelais tale.

Garibaldi, Giusseppe. 1807-82. Led “Red Shirts” in Italian Risorgimento. Captured Naples 1860.

Garigliano, Battle. 1503. Spain defeats French invasion and wins Naples.

Garnier, Charles. 1825-98. French architect. Paris Opera House 1860.

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