Heptarchy. 5-9C. Seven kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England: Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, Mercia, E. Anglia, Northumbria. Frequent wars.

Iberia. c6C-65BC. Kingdom in southwest Russia.

Illyria. 6C BC Greek colony. NW Balkans. 1809 Kingdom of Illyria. 1814 Austria. Yugoslavia.

Iraq. Mesopotamia. 1920 British mandate. 1921 Kingdom = Iraq. 1932 Independent. 1958 Arab Federation 1958 Left-wing coup, Republic. 1963 Anti-Communist coup. 1979 Hussein dictator. 1990 Kuwait Invasion.

Ireland. 400BC-100 Celts. 432 Christianity. 8-14C Norse/British invade, settle. 1002 Brian Boru. 1573 English plantations. 1801 United Kingdom. 1921 Irish Free State/Northern Ireland.

Italy. 1861 Kingdom. 1946 Republic. Rome. Cisalpine Republic. Florence. Lombardy. Sardinia. Sicily. Tuscany. Venice.

Jaffna. 14C Tamil kingdom in Sri Lanka. 1617 Portugal. 1656 Dutch. 1796 British.

Jerusalem, Kingdom. 1099-1291. Palestine kingdom created by leaders of First Crusade. King of Jerusalem used as title until 15C.

Jordan. 13C BC Hebrew(W). 6C BC Nabataean(E). 4C Seleucid(N)/Ptolemy(S). 63BC Rome. 637 Moslem. 1918 British mandate, Hashimite kingdom. 1946 Independent Transjordan. 1949 = Jordan.

Judah. Judaea. Southern part of Kingdom of Israel.

Kandy. 15C-1818. Sinhalese kingdom in Ceylon overthrown by Britain.

Kano. 999-. Nigerian kingdom.

Kent. 449-860. Kingdom in SE England absorbed by Wessex.

Kenya. 7C Arab. 1498 Portugal. 1729 Arab. 1887 British East Africa Company...1895 British protectorate = British East Africa. 1920 British colony = Kenya. 1963 Independent kingdom. 1964 Republic.

Koguryo. 2C BC-668. Korean kingdom. Overrun by Silla, T’ang.

Korea. 1C BC Koguryo/Silla/Paekche kingdoms. 676 Silla unified. 935 Koryo dynasty. 1259-1368 Mongol. 1392-1910 Yi dynasty. 1592, 97 Japan invades. 1627, 36 China invades. 1904 Japan occupies. 1945 US/USSR occupies. 1948 Divided: Republic of Korea(S)/Democratic Peoples Republic(N).

Koryo. 935-1392. Korean kingdom.

León. 910-1230. Spanish kingdom. Ruled Galicia, Asturias; Portugal to 1143. 1230 +Castile.

Lesotho. Basutoland. c1800 Basotho kingdom. 1868 British. 1871 Cape Colony. 1884 British colony. 1966 Independent kingdom of Lesotho.

Libya. 7C BC Phoenician, Carthage, Greek colonies. 46BC Rome. 476 Vandal(W). 534 Byzantine 647 Arab. 1551 Ottoman. 1911 Italian colony. 1943 British/French 1950 Independent Kingdom. 1969 Qaddafi coup. Terrorism. Lockerbie.

London Protocol. 1830. Established independent Greece as Kingdom. 1832 Set Greek borders.

Lotharingia. 843-870. Middle kingdom of split Carolingian Empire. Redivided.

Louis I. The Great. 1326-82. King of Hungary, 1342-, Poland 1370-. Rid kingdoms of Turks. Fought Venice, Naples.

Louis II. The Stammerer. 846-79. W Frankish King 877-.

Majapahit Empire. 413-15C. Hindu kingdom in Java.

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