Victor Emmanuel III. 1869-1947. Last Italian king 1900~46. Supported Mussolini. Abdicated.

Viet Cong. 1954-75. Communist guerillas seeking to reunify Vietnam.

Villa-Lobos, Heitor. 1887-1959. Brazilian composer. Blended classic, folk. Amazonas 1929.

Waksman, Selman. 1888-1973. Ukraine/US Streptomycin 1943.

Walesa, Lech. 1943-. Polish Solidarity leader instrumental in forcing decline of Communist rule. President 1990-96.

Warlords. 1916-49. China generals seized local power on Yüan Shih-K’ai’s death. Last eliminated by communists.

Watson, James. 1928-. US discoverer of DNA structure 1953 with Crick.

Weismann, August. 1834-1914. German. Germ-plasm theory of heredity.

Wenceslas. 1361-1419. German king 1378-1400. Deposed. King of Bohemia 1378-. Hussite Wars.

Wesley, John. 1703-91. English founder of Methodism 1729. Direct preaching, often outdoors, to reach the uneducated working class. Sunday schools.

Whig. 1679-19C. British political party =Liberal. Originally to oppose James II. Came to represent wealthy middle class. Tory.

White, Patrick. 1912-90. Australian novelist, activist. The Aunt’s Story 1948.

White House. 1792 US president’s Neoclassical residence by Hoban. Burned by British, 1814.

Wiesel, Elie. 1928-. Romanian Holocaust victim, author. After the Darkness 2002. Foundation for Humanity. .

Wilson, Charles. 1869-1959. Scottish physicist. Cloud Chamber 1911.

Wilson, Woodrow. 1856-1924. US president 1913-21. Idealist. Advocated League of Nations. Prohibition. Women’s vote. Attempted to mediate WWI 1917.

Windows. 12C Glass first used. 14C Mullioned (divided into panes). Tudor introduced bay and oriel. 18C curved bow windows.

Worcester, Battle. 1651. Cromwell defeats Royalists. Last revolt after English Civil War.

Wren, Christopher. 1632-1723. English architect. Anglicized Classicism based on French and Dutch influence. Rebuilt 50 churches after 1666 London fire. St. Paul’s 1675. Greenwich Observatory 1675. Associated with craftsmanship of Tijou, Gibbons, Thornhill, Cibber. Sheldonian Theatre 1662. Trinity College Library 1676.

Wright, Frank Lloyd. 1869-1959. US “organic” architect. Introduced glass and steel forms. Guggenhem Museum 1943-59. Taliesin West 1938.

Yeats, William. 1865-1939. Irish nationalist poet/dramatist: Wild Swans 1917. Deirdre. Tower 1928. Winding Stair 1933. Modernism.

Yeoman. English class between labourers and gentry.

Yukawa Hideki. 1907-81. Japanese physicist. Predicted mesons 1935.

Zeeman, Pieter. 1865-1943. Dutch physicist. Magnetic effect on light polarization.