Buchenwald. 1937-45. Nazi concentration camp. Medical research, slave labour. 52,500 dead.

Buck, Pearl S. 1892-1973. US novelist of Chinese life. Good Earth 1931.

Bucket Shop. Brokerage house that attempted to profit by delaying placing orders. Now illegal.

Buckingham Palace. 1703. Rebuilt by Nash 1825. London residence of British sovereigns since 1837.

Budé, Guillaume. 1467-1540. Humanist, Greek scholar. Founded Collège de France.

Buisson, Ferdinand. 1841-1932. French educator. Founded League of Human Rights 1898.

Bukhari, al. 810-870. Arab scholar. Collected sayings of Mohammed.

Bukharin, Nikolay. 1888-1938. Russian Bolshevik. Shot in Stalin’s Purge. Rehabilitated 1988.

Bulganin, Nikolai. 1895-1975. Soviet Prime Minister 1955-8 with Khrushchev.

Bulge, Battle. 1945. Last German offensive on the Western Front at Ardennes. WWII.

Bull, John. Personification of England popularized by Arbuthnot 1712.

Bülow, Bernard. 1849-1929. Prussian Prime Minister 1900-9. Bismarckian Realpolitik. Social legislation.

Bulwer-Lytton. 1803-73. English novelist. Last Days of Pompeii, 1834. -“It was a dark and stormy night”.

Bunin, Ivan. 1870-1953. Russian poet/novelist. Village 1923.

Burbage, James. 1531-97. Built first English theatre 1576. Later rebuilt as Globe.

Burgundian. Dominant European musical school in 15C. Dufay.

Burgundians. French political faction. Fought Armagnacs during 100 Years War. Allied with England, 1420. Treaty of Arras 1435 with Charles VII.

Burns, Robert. 1759-96. Scottish national poet: Auld Lang Syne, Comin’ Through the Rye. Kilmarnock Edition 1786.

Busoni, Ferruccio. 1866-1924. Italian neoclassical, anti-Romantic composer in Liszt tradition. Fantasia 1903-4.

Butades of Sicyon. c600BC. First Greek to sculpt in clay.

Byzantine Empire. 395-1453. Eastern Roman Empire. Reduced by: 634 Caliphate Empire, 1042 Seljuks, 1204 Crusaders’ Latin Empire, 1453 Ottoman Empire.

Cabal. 1667-73. Charles II’s advisers: Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, Lauderdale.

Cabala. 12C. Jewish mystical scripture interpretation.

Cabiri. Phrygian, later Greek fertility cult gods: Demeter, Hermes, Persephone.

Cabot, John. c1450-99. Genoese explorer for England. Discovered Newfoundland, Labrador, 1497.

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