Sunderland, Earl of. 1674-1722. British Whig minister. South Sea National Debt scheme.

Sunni. Majority orthodox Moslem sect who follow Sunnah, traditional legal, social practices. Shi’ite.

Supremacy, Act of. 1534 Henry VIII establishes Church of England under monarch. 1554 Repealed by Mary I. 1559 Elizabeth I re-established Church of England. Oath required of all MPs.

Surinam. 1499 Spain discovers. 1651 British settle. 1667 =Dutch Guiana. 1680s Slaves brought 1948 = Surinam. 1975 Independent.

Sutter, John. 1803-80. Owned California land on which gold was discovered 1848.

Suttner, Baroness von. 1843-1914. Austrian pacifist writer. Lay Down your Arms 1889.

Sviatoslav. 920-72. Varangian Duke of Kiev 945-. Expansion creates empire.

Svinhufved, Piehr. 1861-1944. First Prime Minister of independent. Finland 1917-18,30-31, President. 31-7. Suppressed communists.

Swahili. Bantu people and language of Central Africa.

Swaziland.16C Bantu...19C Swazi. 1881 Independence guaranteed. 1894 South African protectorate. 1902 British protectorate. 1968 Independent kingdom.

Sweden. c8000BC Settled. 9C Rurik establishes Russ dynasty. c1000 Christian. 1319 +Norway. 1397 Kalmar Union. 1520 Revolt. 1523 Independence Vasa dynasty. 1809 -Finland. 1814 +Norway. 1905 -Norway.

Swedenborg, Emanuel. 1688-1772. Swedish scientist, philosopher. Apocalypse Revealed 1743-4. Claimed to have been to hell and heaven. Followers founded Church of New Jerusalem 1788.

Swedish Academy. 1786. Awards Nobel Literature prizes.

Sweyn. -1014. Danish king c987-. Conquered Norway 1000, England 1013. Canute’s father.

Switzerland. Celts (Helvetii). 58BC Rome. 5C Alemanni, Burgundians. 6C Frank. 962 HRE. 1291 3 Cantons unite vs Hapsburgs. 1515- Neutral. 1648 Indepence recognized. 1815 Neutrality recogognized.

Sydenham, Thomas. 1624-89. English doctor. Popularized quinine vs malaria, iron for anemia. Described scarlet fever.

Symbolists. 19C French literary movement expressing truth subjectively by symbols. Spread to art, music. Verlaine. Mallarmé. Munch.

Symplegades. Cyanean Rocks. Cliffs at entrance to Black Sea. Crushed ships until Jason and Argonauts slipped through.

Synge, John. 1871-1909. Irish poet, dramatist. Riders to the Sea 1904. Playboy of the Western World 1907.

Syria. c10000BC Natufians. c2300BC Akkadian. c1900 Amorite. 16C Egypt. 14C Hittite. 8C Assyria. 7C Babylon. 538 Achaemenid. 332 Alexander...301 Seleucid. 64BC Rome...395 Byzantine. 634 Moslem. 877 Egypt. 11C Seljuk 1098 Latin Empire(part). 12C Ayyubid. 1249 Mameluk. 1516 Ottoman. 1920 French League of Nations mandate. 1943 Independent. 1958 +Egypt = United Arab Republic. 1961 -Egypt=Syria. Damascus.

Taft, William. 1857-1930. US president 1909-13. Dollar diplomacy. Chief Justice 1921-.

Taft-Hartley Act. 1947. US act regulating unions, strikes.

Tagalog. Filipino ethnic group, official language.

Tagore, Rabindranath. 1861-1941. Bengali writer. Blending eastern, western thought.

Taira. 9C-1185. Powerful Japanese samurai clan..

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