Aetius, Flavius. -454. Roman general, defeated Attila at Catalonia, 451.

AFL-CIO. American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations. AFL 1886. CIO 1935. Merged, 1955. US labour union federation.

African National Congress. ANC. 1912-. Organization for black rights in South Africa outlawed to 1990. 1994- Ruling party. Mandela.

Afrikaans. Dutch-derived language of South Africa.

Agora. Greek open-air market/meeting place.

Agricola, G. J. 40-93. Roman governor who subdued Britain.

Agricola, Johann. 1494-1566. German Protestant reformer and Antinomianist.

Agrippina. c16-59. Roman princess, who poisoned husband Claudius. Killed by son Nero.

Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress. 1818. Restored King of France. Congress System.

Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty. 1668. Ended War of Devolution between France, Spain. 1748. Ended War of Austrian Succession. Hapsburgs weakened, Prussian power recognized.

Alabama Claims. 1872. US claim damages caused by British built warships in Civil War. $15M=£3.25M awarded by arbitration.

Alamein, El, Battles of. 1942. Montgomery defeats Rommel, saving Egypt from Germans.

Alamo. 1836. 200 Texan rebels die in siege vs Mexican Santa Anna. Crockett. Bowie.

Åland Islands. Swedish- 1809 Russian. 1917 Finland. 1920 autonomous/Finnish.

Alans. Barbarians. Overrun by Huns; invaded Gaul in 406.

Alarcón, Pedro de. 1833-91. Spanish novelist: El sombrero de tres picos, 1874.

Alarcos, Battle. 1195. Moslems defeat Christians in Spain, go on to conquer Castile.

Alaric I. c370-410. Visigoth chief who sacked Rome, 410.

Alaric II. -507. King of Visigoths 484-, beaten by Clovis, 507. Law code 506 for Roman subjects.

Alaska. 1741 Bering explores. 1799 Russian America. 1867 US buys for $7.2M. 1959 State.

Alba, Duke of. 1507-82. Tyrannical Spanish Governorof Netherlands 1567-73. Gueux.

Alba Longa. Italian birthplace of Romulus and Remus. Oldest Latin city (1152BC).

Albania. Balkans. 3-5C Visigoth, Huns invade. 6-7C Bulgars, Serbs, Slavs invade.12-15C Bulgar, Norman, Angevin, Serb, Venice contest.15C Ottoman. 1912 Independent republic. 1928 Monarchy (Zog). 1939 Italy occupies. 1945 Communist (Hoxha). 1961 Left Warsaw Pact. 1991 Democratic Constitution.

Albee, Edward. 1928-. US playwright. Pulitzer-Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 1962.

Alcaçovas, Treaty. 1479. Portugal renounces claim to Castile.

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