Russification. Attempted conversion of local language and culture by settlement of large numbers of Russians. 19C Poland, Finland. 20C Kazakstan. Baltic.

Russo-Swedish War. 1614-17. Russia loses access to Baltic. 1741-3. Sweden cedes part of Finland. 1788-90. 1808-9. Sweden cedes Finland + Åland Islands.

Russo-Turkish Wars. 16-19C. Russia gains Black Sea to Balkans from crumbling Ottoman Empire in 10 wars. Assist Serb, Romanian independence. Crimean War.

Ruthenian Church. 1594- = Uniate Catholic. Slavonic Roman Catholic. 1940 Allegiance changed to Russian Orthodox.

Rutherford, Ernest. 1871-1937. NZ/English physicist. Beta rays 1899, Nuclear theory of atom1911.

Ruthven, Raid of. 1582. James VI of Scotland kidnapped by William Ruthven (1541-84).

Rymer, Thomas. 1641-1713. English Neoclassical literary critic: attacked Shakespeare.

Saar. Former Palatinate. 1919 League of Nations mandate. 1935 Germany. 1945 French occupy. 1948 Autonomous. 1957 West Germany.

Saarinen, Eliel. 1873-1950. Finnish/US modern architect, teacher. Palace of League of Nations (Geneva) 1927.

Sabah. 1888 British protectorate = North Borneo. 1946 British Crown Colony. 1963 Malaysia.

Sabbatarians. Christians for strict observance of sabbath by all. Blue Laws.

Sachs, Hans. 1494-1576. German shoemaker/poet, composed songs of commonplace.

Sachs, Nelly. 1891-1970. German poet, Jewish spokesperson.

Sackville, Thomas. 1536-1608. British dramatist. First English blank-verse tragedy. Gorboduc 1561.

Sadat, Anwar al-. 1918-81. Egyptian president 1970- Aided Nasser’s 1952 coup. 1977 Addressed Israeli Knesset. Peace with Israel 1979. Camp David. Assassinated.

Sadducees. -70. Jewish priest class vs Pharisees. Followed Torah and not oral law.

Sa’di. c1213-1292. Classical Persian lyric poet. The Orchard 1257.

Safavids. 1501-1736. Moslem dynasty. Led Persia to power. Established Shi’a Islam as state religion.

Saint-Saëns, Camille. 1835-1921. French composer. Symphonic Poems. Carnival of Animals 1886. Samson et Delila 1888.

Saivo. Lapp underworld.

Sakharov, Andrei. 1921-89. Soviet physicist, human rights activist. Hydrogen bomb. Formed Committee for Human Rights 1970.

Saladin. 1138-93. Egyptian sultan 1169-. Took Jerusalem, 1187, inciting Third Crusade. Began Ayyubid Dynasty.

Salamis, Battle. 480BC. Greek naval victory over superior Persian fleet.

Salan, Raoul. 1899-1984. French general. Created OAS 1961. Imprisoned 1962-8.

Salazar, Antonio. 1889-1970. Portuguese dictator 1932-68.

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