Mandate, League of Nations. Territory controlled by outside power. E.g. ex-German colonies, non-Turkish ex-Ottoman lands. 1946- UN Trusteeship.

Mandela, Nelson. 1918-. South African anti-Apartheid ANC leader. Jailed 1962-90. President 94-99.

Manet, Édouard. 1832-83. French Pre-Impressionist painter. Olympia 1863. Déjeuner sur l’herbe 1863, triggered Impressionism. Folies-Bergères 1882. Monet.

Manila Bay, Battle. 1898. US defeats Spain, wins Philippines.

Mann, Thomas. 1875-1955. German/US novelist. Opposed Nazism. Buddenbrooks 1900. Magic Mountain 1927. Death in Venice 1929. Dr Faustus.

Mann Act. 1910. US law prohibits transport of women across state lines for immoral purposes.

Manorial System. (Seignorial). 11-15C. Lord grants peasant rights to till land for fixed payment.

Mansart, Francois. 1598-1666. French architect. Val-de-Grâce 1645. Classical elements in Baroque style. Subtle elegance, harmony. Mansard roof.

Mansart, Jules Hardouin-. 1646-1708. French architect, city planner. Dome Church 1677. Grand Trianon 1687. Place de Vendôme.

Manson, Patrick. 1844-1922. Scottish parasitologist. Associated malaria with mosquito, 1894.

Manu. Hindu mythical first man, and law giver.

Manx. Celtic language of Isle of Man.

Maori. Polynesian people of New Zealand. Migrated before 800 AD (1150 by their legend).

Maori Wars. 1843-7. 1863-4. 1869-70. NZ settlers displace native Maori.

Maquis. French guerillas vs German occupation, WWII. Resistance.

Marais. Paris quarter reclaimed from swamp in 13C.

March Laws. 1848. Hungarian independence during Revolution.

March on Rome. 1922. Mussolini’s planned Fascist insurrection. Facta resigned.

Marconi, Guglielmo. 1874-1937. Italian physicist. First transatlantic radio reception 1901.

Margaret. Maid of Norway. 1283-90. Queen of Scotland 1286-. Betrothed to son of Edward I. Death led to England claiming Scotland, Civil War 1290-1314. Robert the Bruce.

Margaret of Anjou. 1430-82. Q consort to Henry VI. Led Lancastrians in War of Roses.

Marie de Medici. 1573-1642. Queen consort to Henry IV, mother of Louis XIII. Regent 1610-14. Built Luxembourg Palace. Opposed Richelieu. Banished 1630. Died penniless.

Marignano, Battle. 1515. French defeat Swiss mercenaries, conquer Milan.

Mariotte, Edme. 1620-84. French physicist. Law of compressibility of gases 1676, =Boyle’s Law.

Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of. 1650-1722. English general vs Louis XIV in War of Spanish Succession. Blenheim. Malplaquet. Ramillies.

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