French Revolutionary Wars. 1792-1802. France vs European powers who opposed Revolution. Napoleonic Wars. Coalition. Pillnitz.

French Somaliland. Djibouti.

Frescobaldi, Girolamo. 1583-1643. Italian organist, instrumental composer. Bold chromaticism.

Fresnel, Augustin. 1788-1827. French physicist, wave theory of light 1815. Fresnel lens 1820.

Friedman, Milton. 1912-. Monetarist economist. Demand is mainly a function of money supply. Keynes. Laissez-faire. Capitalism and Freedom 1962.

Frost, Robert. 1874-1963. American New England poet. Stopping by Woods 1923.

Fry, Christopher. 1907-. English dramatist: Lady’s not for Burning 1948. Venus Observed. Ben Hur 1959.

Fuchs, Klaus. 1911-88. German/British nuclear physicist. Communist spy 1943-50.

Fuchs, Leonhard. 1501-66. German naturalist. Compendium of medicinal plants. Historia Stirpium 1542.

Fugitive Slave Acts. 1793-1850. Required return of runaway slaves. American Civil War.

Futurism. 1909-1915. Italian artistic movement founded by Marinetti. Glorified machine age, war and violence. Exemplified by simultaneity of images like strobe effect. Boccioni, Balla.

Gabon. Mpongwe. 1485 Portugal. 1839 France 1889 «Congo. 1910 French Equatorial Africa. 1940 Free France. 1946 French Territory. 1960 Independent republic.

Gabor, Dennis. 1900-79. Hungarian/English holograph inventor, 1947.

Gabriel, Jacques-Ange. 1698-1782. French Architect: École Militaire 1752. Champ-de-Mars. Place de la Concorde 1755. Petit Trianon 1762.

Gadsden Purchase. 1853. US buys land from Mexico.

Gaelic. Celtic languages of Scotland and Ireland.

Gag Rules. 1836-44. Prevented discussion of anti-slavery bills in US Congress.

Gainsborough, Thomas. 1727-88. English portrait and landscape painter. Boy Blue 1770. Watering Place.

Gaiseric. 390-477. Vandal and Alani King 428-. Conquered Roman Africa 429. Sacked Rome 455.

Galahad. Chaste Arthurian knight. Lancelot’s son. Holy Grail.

Galapagos. 1535 Berlanga discovers for Spain. 1832 Ecuador. 1835 Darwin visits.

Galatea. Sea nymph. Lover of Acis.

Galatia. 275BC Area of Turkey taken by Gauls. 189BC Romans conq.

Galicia. Gallaecci. c137BC Rome. 411 Suevi. 585 Visigoth. 1072 León.

Galilee. N Israel. (Ancient N Palestine). Jesus’ homeland. Absorbed in Arab-Israeli War, 1949.

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